alex hamilton repn hte
US while gw was away gave France $$$ for US repayment of
Revolutionary War loans from the US treasury, which amounted to about
$400,000 and 1,000 military weapons.
N the period b/t Sept 1791 -
June 1793, 22 months … US gave $726K to French white colonists. GW
was a slave owner. He joined the US rev to protect his slaves from
Lord Dunmore's Emancipation Proclamation; GW loved havn slaves, too
much. That's why he helped France fight their rebelling slaves.
Escargo & frog eatn
French. French kiss... french fries... frenches mustard & ketchup
french toast
deja vu; cest la vie; jena
ce qua; ew-lala vis a vis …
viola! sacrabeau!
; a propos; au courant; au
contraire; blasé blasé blasé Bon yovage! Bourgeouis!; cache cafe!
Chueffer! Clique! Cliché! Critique croissant; cul de sac escusez
moi; extraordinaire; facade; faux, faux pax; hot shots, part duex;
gaffe, genre Grand Prix voyeur boutique cause celebre, laisse faire;
madam malaise Mardi gras mele moose paper mache prvocateur; debut
connasur encore en masse entree expose passe potpouri premire
rendevous reprise resume touche in leiu of maitre d menage-a-twa Coup
detat! Brunette Chic! lingerie negligee A la mode bon appetite!
Marquis
de Lafayette himself travelled to America through Haiti;
A lot is going on during age
of revolution;
US rev inspired french rev
inspired the haitian rev; but then imediately US rev reverses course,
becmes right wing absolute anti-rev totalitarian fascist monarchist
dictatorship the day after the revoluton was over;
& anther thang, just b.c
one is born a slave, that doesnt make me a slave;
A cat can give birth in an
oven, but that doesnt make biscuits out of the kittens.
GW's prez term dates, apr
30, 1789 – march 1797;
2 years later,
nov 9, 1799 napoleon coup
detat'd,
then 1 month, 5 days later
on
dec 14 1799 GW dies.
1799 napoleon violent
overthrow coup detat for him to be monarch.autocrat.dictator,
pro-slavery; compare to Britney Spears; she sux, but anti slavery;
“my loneliness... is killn
me!”
april 30, 1789; gw's first
day; lil georgies big day;
less than 2 months later
On 20 June 1789, the members of the
French
Estates-General for the Third
Estate, who had begun to call themselves the National
Assembly, took the Tennis Court Oath
(French:
Serment du Jeu de Paume),
vowing "not to
separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the
constitution of the kingdom
is established."
1 day after
June 21 1789 New Hampshire ratifies US Const.
3 weeks later
July 14, 1789--far from Haiti's
plantations--the masses of Paris stormed the Bastille prison
1 month, 12 days later:
Estates General; 26
August 1789, published the Declaration
of the Rights of Man,
1 month, 10 days later
Oct 5, 1789; The
Women's March on Versailles
Oct 1790. The freedmen’s response came from Vincent
Ogé, a wealthy free mulatto intellectual who had been active in
Paris among the Amis des Noirs.
a propaganda war had broken out over the future of the
French Revolution.
Nov. 1790. Edmund
Burke's attack in Reflections
on the Revolution in France.Edmund Burke's conservative defense
of ancient establishments in Reflections
on the Revolution in France;
Edmund Burke was in
favor of the monarchy, rule by 1, ruling families, const;;
aristocracy, hereditary succession (louis ck joke abt
princes “raping chambermaids”); he was also
contemptuous and afraid of the Enlightenment, led by
Rousseau, Voltaire, Turgot, who disbelieved in original sin; Burke
cared about everything sayn exactly the same; traditional, and he
defended "prejudice", adhered to values regardless of their
rational basis; Edmund Burke was outraged by the democratic
French government's anti-clerical policies & expropriation of
Catholic Church land; Burke's work became popular
with reactionaries, such as King George III; a defense of monarchy,
aristocracy, and the Church of England & Edmund Burke had an
overwhelmn theatrical pity for Queen Marie “let them eat cake”
Antoinette. Marie “Ooops, Where Did My Head Go” Antoinette?
he defended property, i
agree with, but there was atime when i didnt.
"What is the use
of discussing a man's abstract right to food or to medicine? The
question is upon the method of procuring and administering them. In
this deliberation I shall always advise to call in the aid of the
farmer and the physician, rather than the professor"
soon after, Mary Wollstonecraft argued against Burke;
Mary W was for republicanism, agrarian socialism, anarchy, and
religious toleration immediately afterwards; she's famous for 1792 A
Vindication of the Rights of Woman.
right after Feb 1791,
when Vincent Oge & Jean Baptiste was killed by French plantation
owners,
Thomas Paine of Common
Sense fame, wrote The Rights of Man: Rights of Man; part 1 March
1791.
The Rights of Man &
of the Citizen is
31 articles & they posit that popular political
revolution is permissible when a government does not safeguard the
natural rights of its people
Human
rights originate in Nature, thus, rights cannot be granted via
political charter, because that implies that rights are legally
revocable, hence, would be privileges:
Thomas Paine says:
“It is a perversion of terms to say that a
charter gives rights. It operates by a contrary effect—that of
taking rights away. Rights are inherently in all the inhabitants; but
charters, by annulling those rights, in the majority, leave the
right, by exclusion, in the hands of a few... They... consequently
are instruments of injustice ... The fact, therefore, must be that
the individuals, themselves, each, in his own personal and sovereign
right, entered into a contract with each other to produce a
government: and this is the only mode in which governments have a
right to arise, and the only principle on which they have a right to
exist.”
Government's sole purpose is safeguarding the individual
and his/her inherent, inalienable rights; each societal institution
that does not benefit the nation is illegitimate—especially
monarchy and aristocracy
It was quickly reprinted and widely circulated,
with copies being read aloud in inns and coffee
houses, so that by May some 50,000 copies were said to be in
circulation. Of the 300 or more pamphlets which the revolution
controversy spawned, Rights of Man
was the first to seriously damage Burke's case and to restore credit
to the French both in Britain and America."The publication of Rights of Man caused a furore in England; Paine was tried in absentia, and convicted for seditious libel against the Crown, but was unavailable for hanging, being in France and never returning to England. (Sir Archibald Macdonald, 1st Baronet served as the prosecutor.)
XXXXXXXXXX
the uprising heard round the world;
to the people of the world, I present
to u,
the springtime for the Blacks, the
great awakening of the black man.
enter Dutty Boukman:
The heart of Haiti's slave country was
the northern plain--about 50 miles long and 15 miles from the sea to
the mountains. The main harbor, Le Cap, aka Cap Haitian, was just a
village of docks, warehouses and slave pens. But the plantations were
large, and within easy sight of each other.
1791, Aug 13, a meeting took place one week before
the start of the Black Revolution during the day, when 200 blacks
gathered at the plantation of Le-nor-mand de Mézy; 200
slave-drivers, coachmen, and other members of the 'slave elite from
about 100 plantations came together in “Plaine du Nord parish"
on the Lenormand de Mézy plantation. Later that night, 1791.
of AUG 13/aug 14 mornn, some of those at the Plaine du Nord parish
meetn went to a secret meetn n the forest in Morne Rouge, n the
Alligator Woods
aka Bwa Kayaman/Bois Cayman, today called Alligator Swamp since no
trees stand there today, n a rainstorm, the slave leaders organized
against the slavery conspiracy thrusted upon them for the last 350
years
The
caiman is a distant, smaller cousin of the alligator, with an average
length of about 6-1/2 to 8-1/2 feet (2-2.5 meters). A kamn is an
alligatorid crocodilian belonging to the subfamily Caimaninae, one of
two primary lineages within Alligatoridae, the other being
alligators. 6 species of caiman exist. Their
habitat ranges from North to South America, including Haiti &
other Caribbean islands n the Antilles.
It's said that Cecile Fatiman died in Le Cap at the age of 112... wait a second... like Adam... others who are old as fuck n the bible;
Genesis 5:5 all in all.
Adam lived 930 years n then he died. Powerfully written Genesis
authors.
[internet]
can u believe a single thing insane
believers of all of this hocus pocus, all of this religious voodoo
hullabaloo, says? Goddamit.
Cecile fatiman ....
112!?! bullshit. thats not tru;
Georges Biassou,
Jeannot The Grand Judge Bullet and Jean François Papillon
werent only the leaders of the early Haitian Revolution, but they
were there for that first flashpoint, that massive great awakening of
Haiti's Black masses, 4eva known as Dutty Bookman's Rebellion. “They
were there man... from the very begining.”
Dutty Bookman was possessed by the vodou spirit
Ezili Dantor. Ezili Dantor the Petro nation aspect of the Erzulie
family of lwa/loa, or spirits in Haitian Vodou. Ezili Dantor is
considered to be the lwa of motherhood, single motherhood in
particular. She is most commonly represented by the image of Black
Madonna of Częstochowa whose origins are believed to be in copies of
the icon of the Black Madonna of Częstochowa, brought to Haiti by
Polish army soldiers sent by Napoleon n 1802 to subdue the Haitian
Revolution, but instead settled in Haiti, in particular the town of
Cazale;;;; Ezili Dantor Ezili Dantor is associated with the black
creole pig of Haiti, her favorite animal sacrifice Ezili Dantothe
also liked Rum.
Dirty Dutty Bookman roared above the storm. Dutty called upon the assembled slaves to rise up against their masters, preaching this:
- "The god who created the sun which gives us light, who rouses the waves and rules the storm, though hidden in the clouds, he watches us. He sees all that the white man does. The god of the white man inspires him with crime, but our god calls upon us to do good works. Our god who is good to us orders us to revenge our wrongs. He will direct our arms and aid us. Throw away the symbol of the god of the whites who has so often caused us to weep, and listen to the voice of liberty, which speaks in the hearts of us all."
Dutty Bookman's midnight August 13/14 party started
the revolt that led to the first ever, & 1 & only, Black
Republic.
Georges Biassou,
Jeannot The Grand Judge Bullet and Jean François Papillon
were leaders of the early Haitian Revolution & their plan
was breathtakingly simple: On a central signal, slaves outside Le Cap
(Cap Haitian) would set their plantations on fire. Fire in the skies
would signal slaves everywhere to kill their masters and to join the
revolt. The uprising would continue until all the French slavers were
dead, and the island was in the hands of the slaves, black slaves of
Haiti only had their bare hands to fight with, and farm implements;
xxxXxxxxxxxxx
The Acul and Limbé blacks (in the Limbe region (Habitation Chabaud)) were short on patience; the gang on the Gallifet estate jumped the gun on the night of Aug. 17 or Aug. 20, and botched up their attempt to set the place on fire. according to the malevolent Frenchman, Antoine Dalmas, who took part as a medical examiner in some of the interrogations, that the meetn was about the rebellion against the french slavers. The Limbé whites decided to take their captives to the Cape to convince the Governor of the urgency of the situation. But before they could safely make their way there, the insurrection exploded with the force of a wild prairie fire. Boukman fearing that the plot was unraveling, called for the rebellion earlier, on the night of the 22nd.
Aug 24 was set at date to rebel, but boukman accellerated the plan b/c one slave was caught, so an urgent emergency emerged so on; aug 22? Haiti's slaves decided to have themselves a lil revoluty;
Haiti's self-emancipated Blacks
emerged from the thick forests of Morne Rouge overlooking Le Cap
and launched the Haitian Revolution. Dutty Bookman began at
the Gallifet plantation, Dutty Bookmans old master, then across
the North Plain. On plantation after plantation, the slaves
rose up, killed their masters threw their bodies into bonfires and
burned everything to the ground. Their weapons were whatever they
could find or seize--farming tools, sharpened sticks, a few
swords, pistols and fire. The rebels formed in large crowds and
simply swarmed over any opponents--dying in large numbers as they
swept their enemies away.
Within a week after its start, former slaves who
were destroying everything in their path; once
rich colony was in smoldering ruins. Exactly 1,000 whites had been
killed. Slaves and maroons across the land were hurrying to the
banner of the revolution.
the northern plain – the richest and most
prosperous area of the country. Some 200 sugar plantations and 600
coffee plantation/encomiendas/black concentration camps, were laid
waste and 1,000 French slavers killed.
The slaves destroyed everything that fell into
their hands--like prisoners burning their cell blocks. They hated
the plantations and wanted to leave no trace of these hellholes or
their masters. For three weeks it was difficult to tell day from
night. The skies were a continual wall of flame and black smoke,
white ashes fell like snow, burning embers forced ships far out to
sea.
The whole northern plain surrounding Cape Francois
was in flames.incredible outburst, a perfectly natural reaction to
centuries of oppression,
The masses of northern slaves laid siege to Cape
Francois itself.In the south and west the rebellion took on a
different flavor. In Mirebalais there was a union of people of
color and slaves, and they were menacing the whole region. A
contingent of white soldiers marched out of Port-au-Prince, but
were soundly defeated. Then the revolutionaries marched on
Port-au-Prince. However, the free people of color did not want to
defeat the whites, they wanted to join them. And, more
importantly, they didn't want to see the slaves succeed and push
for emancipation. Consequently, they offered a deal to the whites
and joined forces with them, turning treacherously on their black
comrades in arms.
w/in
a week after Aug 22, 1791, 1800
plantations burnt down n 1000 French slavers killed.
Machetes, daggers,
swords, knives, pieces of woods, they left behind no one except
children and women. Neighboring villages that could not
participate physically had taken the vow to poison their masters'
water supplies. In a period of 3 days, the greatest fight for
human freedom in History was being fought to the bones in the
sugar cane plantations in Haiti. the whole horizon was a wall of
fire. The fire was so great, that the people of Le Cap could not
distinguish nights and days. One writer of the time said, that one
could clearly read at night, like the sun was in the sky, although
the fire was miles away. The slaves destroyed tirelessly. They
were seeking their salvation in the most obvious way, the
destruction of what they knew was the cause of their sufferings.
late 1791, Boukman
was captured in a battle with the French Army near Acul, and his
head was impaled on a stake in the public square of Cap Français
aka Le Cap aka Cap Haitian. They capture Bookman and beheaded him.
They displayed his head at the public place, with a sign
underneath reading "Bookman, Chef des Revolutions des
Esclaves." Bookman, Chief of the Slaves Revolution; When they
attacked Cap-Français, they were defeated and Boukman
killed.Bookman dies;
August 1791 slave
revolt in Saint Domingue reached then-President Washington, he
immediately sent aid to the white government there;
ENDING
In 1791, shortly
after the Haitian Revolution broke out, Washington's
administration, at French request, agreed to send money, arms, and
provisions to the French colony of Saint-Domingue (present-day
Haiti) to assist distressed slave owning colonists. Reports came
in of the Haitian slaves having slaughtered their white masters.
gWashington
himself was a slave owner and was willing to help the French
government in their suppression of the slave revolt. Many
Southerners believed that a successful slave revolt in Haiti would
lead to a slave revolt in America.
Federalist governor of
South Carolina, Charles Pinckney, who had earlier promoted
Caribbean trade, quickly wrote to the colonial legislature of
Saint Domingue and offered his support for fear of a
spreading influence in
the American South. He then sent a dramatic warning to President
Washington
stating that, a flame will extend to all the neighboring islands,
and may prove [displeasing] to the Southern States.”
After the insurrection of
Saint Domingue began, the Washington administration saw an
opportunity to increase American trade. When Jean de Ternant, the
French minister to America, asked Washington for help in Saint
Domingue, Washington seized the moment. The president replied that
America would render every aid in its power to quell the alarming
insurrection of the Negroes of Hispaniola. The new republic of
France had a desperate need to increase its financial revenue due
to its unstable economic
relations with Great
Britain and other European countries. Washingtons administration
answered the cry for help with open coin purses. The American
capitalization of Saint Domingan trade began with a promise of
support for imperialist France and commercial profit. As Secretary
of State, Jefferson became the architect of these policies. in
matters of commerce. Jefferson wished to continue furnishing
[Saint Domingue] the necessaries of life in exchange for sugar and
coffee for our own consumption despite the hostilities that
plagued the island. The delicate situation required Jefferson to
offer aide to France but not an excessive amount that would cause
any reprisal from Britain. Earlier, while Jefferson and Washington
visited Virginia, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton
took it upon himself to provide the French minister M. de Ternant
with one thousand arms and forty thousand dollars from the
treasury. Hamilton, true
to fashion, believed the request to fall within his jurisdiction
Sept 1791 - June 1793, 22
months … US gave $726K to French white colonists.
xxxxxxxxxx
1st recorded slave rebellion n Haiti, father
John, padre jean, pedro juan... 1676 rebellion failed.
Mackandal's, along with maroons (aka other escaped
slaves), 1759 rebellion failed. Mackandal, not maclemore, mackandal,
fought his rebellion without a right arm! He was burnt at the stake
in Cap-Haiten public town square.
Vincen Oge's okt 1790 rebellion failed. & his
brutal murder only showed how terrified colonists were of a general
slave rebellion... 10 to 1, Black folks outnumberd the French
capitalist imperial oppressors. That's why he & Jean Baptiste
was hammered to death, put on catherine torture wheel, and put n
middle of town for the people to enjoy themselves flaying, hitting,
until Vincent & Jean Baptiste died.
Dutty Boukman, inspired by Mackandal, august 1791
rebellion failed. beheaded bookman dies; his head is
put on a pike.
Rebellion v Revolution: Whiskey Rebellion, Shays
Rebellion, Nat Turner's Rebellion, John Brown's Rebellion, Occupy
Rebellion, etc
xxxxxxxxxxxxx
Jean-François
Papillion was an African-born slave that worked in the Papillon
plantation, in the North Province of Saint-Domingue. He escaped the
said plantation some years before the revolutionary outbreak in
Saint-Domingue, living as a maroon until 1791. So when the Haitian
revolution started, he had already enjoyed a previous experience of
liberty and he was one of the "slave leaders" that led that
historical process.
after Dutty Bookman was killed, Jean-François
Papillon declared himself the commander-in-chief of the Black rebels,
assisted by the black officers Jeannot “the Grand Judge” Bullet,
George Biassou and Toussaint Bréda, later known as Toussaint
Louverture;
enter francios dominique toussaint loueveture;
Toussaint is of Basque origin & it means “all of
the saints”; Louveture was a name he picked for himself; Louverture
means “The Opening” in French. One who finds the Opening.
When the slave revolt broke out, Toussaint was already
45—ol Toussaint was old for a slave in Haiti. 45 years old, Jesus
Christ. TL was a livestock handler, steward & head coachman
from the Bréda plantation, whose job would have brought him often to
town, where he would have been exposed to ideas of French Revolution.
A frail child, he had the good fortune of belonging to relatively
enlightened masters who did not force him to work the fields, and
allowed him to learn to read and write; among TL's readings, there
was Julius Caesar's Commentaries,
& other military writings, from which he learned the rudiments of
strategy and tactics. TL also acquired a smattering of Church Latin,
became an avid naturalist, concentrating on learning the medicinal
properties of plants, and, despite his infirmities, he became such a
superb horseman that he was called the “Centaur of the Savannah.”
TL already had complete dominance over his master's
plantation, being the main head overseer of his master's slaves. TL
kept a close eye on his masters slaves n didnt participate n Dirty
Dutty Bookmans Rebellion. TL sent his wife & kids into safety
across the border in the Spanish colony, a;ong with his master. TL
was protective of his master.
Georges
BiassouBiassou; ambitious
man, but unfortunately hot-tempered, suspicious and vindictive. He
loved the accoutrements of the good life, particularly women, fine
clothes and drink; sold his fellow revolutionaries into Spanish
slavery;
Shortly after dirty dutty bookman's 1791 uprising, Toussaint Louverture, a former slave who was over forty years old, joined the camp of the rebels as a medical officer. Toussaint practiced herbal and African healing, but unlike most such healers, he was not a Voodoo houngan. However, Toussaint did not remain a medical officer for long. His ability to organize, train and lead men became immediately apparent. Step by step, he set out to build an organized disciplined fighting force & trained a guerilla force of his own. Toussaint rose from his position of aide-de-camp to become a general, first fighting under jorge Biassou (beeAsue/beensoup, or pee-n-soup), and then a general of his own troops; toussaint; (an early leader of the 1791 slave rising). TL army proved successful against the European troops. When France and Spain went to war in 1793, his army joined the Spaniards.
XXXXXXXXXX
Toussaint L'Ouverture helped to defeat all the armed
forces their local slaveowners could rally, then repelled the French,
then a Spanish invasion, then a British invasion of 60,000 men, and
finally another massive French expedition sent by 5'2” Napoleon
Bonaparte. And having defeated all the great colonial powers –
British Spanish French - of their times, they created an independent
state of self-emancipated slaves.
TL got them most of the way & then Desalines caried
the torth to the end.
“Centaur of the
Savannah.”
TL is called the “Black spartakist”... but maybe
Moses is better analogy, even tho Moses probably never existed... but
he never got to see the promised land, he fought up till 1 year
before Independence; Dessalines carried the banner onwards &
forwards; but Black spartakist is better analogy than “black
napoleon” or “black george washington” for many reasons, but
one GW & Nap werent slaves. They werent oppressed fightn
oppressors for the liberation of all. Its more accurate to say GW &
Nap were the white Toussaint Louverture, but best historical figure
is Spartakist... the Roman Toussaint Louverture.
How profound... slaves rebelled & actually won! The
only place n the world this happened was n Haiti, only nation founded
by newly freedmen, slaves fightn murdern, to fight off oppression;
like toussaint, n moses, spartakist dies before he is
victorious, b4 victory, b4 getn to the promised land, b4 the
liberation of the slaves were complete.
Spartakist eventually was killed n
71BC, before fictional Jesus Christ existed, and Spartakist wasnt
fightn to end slavery. Spartakist, a Thracian
gladiator who, along with the Gauls Crixus, Gannicus, Castus, and
Oenomaus, was one of the escaped slave leaders in the Third Servile
War, 3rd
servile war, which was a major slave uprising against the Roman
Republic.
3rd servile war was the
last in a series of unrelated slave rebellions against the Roman
Republic, known collectively as the Servile Wars. The Third Servile
War was the only one to directly threaten the Roman heartland of
Italia. It was particularly alarming to the Roman people because
Rome's military seemed powerless to stop it. The revolt began in 73
BC, with the escape of around 70 slave-gladiators from a gladiator
school in Capua; they easily defeated the small Roman force sent to
recapture them. Within two years, they had been joined by some
120,000 men, women and children; the able-bodied adults of this band
were a surprisingly effective armed force that repeatedly showed they
could withstand or defeat the Roman military, from the local
Campanian patrols, to the Roman militia, and to trained Roman legions
under consular command. The slaves wandered throughout Italia,
raiding estates and towns with relative impunity, sometimes dividing
their forces into separate but allied bands under the guidance of
several leaders, including the famous gladiator-general Spartacus.
October
15 1791 Toussaint, the coachman from the Bréda family, told some
other black officers that he was in conversations with the Spaniards,
whom he had asked for some supplies for his troops.
This October 15, 1791
My very dear friend:
In keeping with the request I just made of the
Spanish and daily awaiting the thing I asked for, I beg of you to
wait until we are in a better state before going on to what you have
the kindness to write me about. I have too much of a wish to go, but
in all the habitations I would like to have crowbars in order to have
the rocks of the mountains of Haut
du Cap fall to prevent them [the slaveowner’s forces] from
approaching us for I think they have no other means without exposing
their people to a slaughter. I ask that you make sure with the spy
you have sent to have him clearly explain where the powder works are
in Haut du Cap so we can succeed in taking the powder works. Thus my
friend you can see if I took precautions in this affair you can tell
this to Bouqueman
[Boukman]. As for Jean
Francois he can still go in a carriage with his ladies, but he
hasn’t done me the honor of writing to me for several days. I am
very surprised by this. If you need tafia I will send you some when
you'd like, but try to use it sparingly. They must not be given this
so they won’t be disturbed. Send me a few barrows for I need them
to transport wood to put up the cabins at the tannery for my people.
I ask you to assure your mother and sister of
my humble respect.
I have the honor, my dear friend, of being your
very humble, obedient servant.
To M. Biassou,
brigadier of the King’s Army at Grand Boucan
[signed]
General Doctor
In one stroke, all of the black military
leaders, including Biassou, cast their allegiance with the Spanish
king. spain was givn haitian rebels food &
guns & ammunition etc; supplies!!! the whole time
into the service of Charles IV, king of Spain.'
king Carlos 4th de rojo; was King of Spain whole 13 yaer long Haitian
Revolution;
xxx
death of bookman; 3 days later? Many months later? Slaves werent documentn themselves; plus its history is all in french & creole & spanish;
Jeannot The Grand Judge Bullet would eventually be put to death by Jean-FrancoisJean François Papillon and Jorge Biassou. Jean Francois Papillon, had Jeannot Bullet arrested and executed, partly because of his cruelty to his white captives. Jeannot supposedly begged for mercy before being shot. His death was described in an account published at the time by one of his white prisoners, Monsieur Gros. There is a graphic depiction of this episode in the contemporary American author Madison Smartt Bell's novel, All Souls' Rising (1995).
GW apr 1789 – march 1797;
Dec 15, 1791, Bill of
Rights added to US Const.
In addition, in January
1792 the black General Georges Biassou addressed the Dominican
governor, Joaquin García, for asking him to stop Jean-François'
ascent to absolute power in Saint-Domingue as soon as possible,
before it was too late
Thomas Paine. Rights of
Man, part 2 Feb 1792.
The 1795 Treaty of
Basel gave Santo Domingo to France and stripped the power from the
Spanish armies on Hispaniola. Having tied their fortunes to the
Spanish king, Biassou and Jean-François abandoned their armies. Key
to the future outcome of the Haitian revolution, many of those
disbanded troops signed on with Toussaint, 'the remaining black
commander of stature.'
NOW... comn up...
johnny masters
pueblo colorado
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