D&B Genesis of Kentucky, Vol. 1: Chapter 6

The Roaring 1700s (The 18^th Century)

1700AD. The Half-King of the Catawba Tribe is Born. Little is known of TANACHARISON Tanacharison's early life. He probably was born into the CATAWBA Catawba tribe about 1700 near what is now Buffalo, New York. As a child, he was taken captive by the French and later adopted into the Seneca tribe, one of the 5 Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy. Tanacharison said the French boiled and ate his father. His early years were spent on the southeastern shore of Lake Erie in what is now western New York State. Tanacharison was merely a village leader, whose actual authority extended no further than his own village. In this view, the title “HALF KING” was probably a British invention, and his subsequent lofty historical role as a Six Nations “regent” or “viceroy” in the Ohio Country was the product of later generations of scholars.

1700. The Shawnees total population in all of America was around 2,500 folks.

1700s. “Substantial numbers of Shawnees appeared in South Carolina by 1680, and the South Carolinians welcomed them as a buffer to protect their settlements against local Westo and other Indians. The Shawnees displaced the Westos and raided them for captives whom they sold as slaves to the Carolinians for guns. They also fought against the Catawbas and clashed with other slave-trading nations like the Chickasaws. Shawnees also settled in western Virginia, where they occupied several villages before 1700.” Calloway, pg. 10. 1700s. Beginning in the early part of the 1700s, the Shawnee in South Carolina were engaged in almost constant warfare with the Catawba Indians located on the Catawba River, which divides the two Carolinas. These two tribes continued their hostilities until nearly the time of the Revolution. Because of their losses at the hands of the Catawba, the Shawnee were eventually forced to abandoned their country on the Savannah River. 1700. Martin Chartier is living on Conestoga Creek in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. 1700. After 1700, some remnants of the Native American tribes began returning to the Northwest Territory in spite of the Five Nations savage butchery (see also Mingo).

1700s. Both historical and archaeological evidence exists documenting several Yuchi towns of the 18th century. Among these was Chestowee in southeastern Tennessee. In Kentucky, too, by the Green River.

            “While some conflicts involved Spanish and Dutch forces, all pitted the Kingdom of Great Britain, its colonies, and Native American allies on one side, against France, its colonies, and Native American allies on the other. Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, both Britain and France claimed ownership of the Ohio Country, in competition with the Five Nations”. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aDsEjjreqGY

1700AD. November. Philip, Duke of Anjou, grandson of King Louis XIV of France, accepts the Spanish throne in November 1700, after the death of King Charles 2. This starts a World War. British Redcoat's Mother's War (Queen Anne) (1701-13). Completely outnumbered by the growing number of British colonists to the south, the French needed every native ally they could find to defend Canada against invasion during these conflicts. Second in a series of wars between Britain and France for control of North America. It was the American phase of the War of the Spanish Succession. American colonial settlements along the New York and New England borders with Canada were raided by French forces and their Indian allies. It broke out a new at the acceptance of the Spanish throne by a grandson of King Louis XIV of France in November, 1700.

            The language spoken by the Siouian tribes was Tutelo, and a part of the people called the Tutelo, while others call themselves by other names, including Saponi.

1701AD. The Muskogean speaking inhabitants of COFITACHEQUI Cofitachequi were probably absorbed by the Siouan (Tutelo-speaking) people who were inhabiting the area in 1701AD when John Lawson visited. The area of Cofitachequi was inhabited only by small settlements of CONGAREE Congaree Indians.

1701AD. The Great Peace of Montreal signed by thirty-nine (39) Indian chiefs and the French. In the treaty, the Iroquois agreed to stop marauding and to allow refugees to return east. With the Dutch long removed from North America, and the English becoming as powerful as the French, the Iroquois came to see that they held the balance of power between the two European adversaries. The Iroquois used that position to their benefit for decades to come. Their society began to quickly change as the tribes began to focus on building up a strong nation, improving their farming technology, and educating their population.

1701AD. Montreal, French-occupied Canada. The Iroquois sign treaties in Albany and Montreal, with blue-eyed Devils, ending the nearly 100 years of Beaver Wars in North America. Once The Great Peace of Montreal was achieved between the French and Iroquois, the Iroquois returned to their westward conquest in their continued attempt to take control of all the land between the Algonquins and the French. As a result of Iroquois expansion and war with the ANISHINAABEG Anishinaabeg Confederacy (see also, Council of Three Fires), eastern Nations such as the Lakota were pushed eastward. 1701. The Great Peace of Montreal was signed in 1701 in Montreal by 39 Indian chiefs and the French. In the treaty, the Iroquois agreed to stop marauding and to allow refugees from the Great Lakes to return east. The Shawnee eventually regained control of the Ohio Country and the lower Allegheny River. The Miami tribe returned to take control of modern Indiana and north-west Ohio. The Pottawatomie went to Michigan, and the Illinois tribe to Illinois.When the Lakota was pushed eastward by the Iroquois, that's when they adopted the horse culture and nomadic lifestyle for which they later became well known. Other refugees flooded the Great Lakes area, resulting in a conflict with existing nations in the region. In the Ohio Country the Shawnee and Miami tribes were the dominant tribes. The Iroquois quickly overran Shawnee holdings in central Ohio forcing them to flee into Miami territory. The Miami were a powerful tribe and brought together a confederacy of their neighboring allies, including the Pottawatomie and the Illini confederation who inhabited modern Michigan and Illinois. With the Dutch long removed from North America, the English had become just as powerful as the French. The Iroquois came to see that they held the balance of power between the two European powers and they used that position to their benefit for the decades to come. Their society began to quickly change as the tribes began to focus on building up a strong nation, improving their farming technology, and educating their population. The majority of the fighting was between the Anishininaabeg Confederacy and the Iroquois Confederacy. The Iroquois improved on their warfare as they continued to attack even farther from their home. War parties often traveled by canoes at night. They would sink their canoes, and fill them with rocks to hold them on the river bottom. After going through the woods to a target, at the appointed time, they would quickly burst from the wood to cause the greatest panic among their enemy. After the attack, the Iroquois could return quickly to their boats and leave before any significant resistance could be put together. The lack of firearms caused the Algonquin tribes the greatest disadvantage. Despite their larger numbers, they were not centralized enough to mount a united defense and were unable to withstand the Iroquois. Several tribes ultimately moved west beyond the Mississippi River, leaving much of the Ohio Valley, southern Michigan, and southern Ontario depopulated. Several large Anishinaabe military forces, numbering in the thousands, remained to the north of Lakes Huron and Superior. They later were decisive in rolling back the Iroquois advance. From west of the Mississippi, displaced groups continued to arm war parties and attempt to retake their homelands. After the 1701 peace treaty with the French, the Iroquois remained mostly neutral. During 1702-1713 Queen Anne's War (North American part of the War of the Spanish Succession), they were involved in planned attacks against the French. The peace was lasting, and it would not be until the 1720s that the Iroquois territory would again be threatened by white paleface Europeans.

1701AD. Both the Conestoga and the Shawnee appeared before William Penn, and received formal permission for this arrangement. Martin Chartier set up a trading house in the area.

            “A major cause of the wars was the desire of each country to take control of the interior territories of North America, as well as the region around Hudson Bay; both were deemed essential to domination of the fur trade. Whenever the European countries went to war, military conflict also occurred in North America in their colonies, although the dates of the conflicts did not necessarily exactly coincide with those of the larger conflicts.”

1701. July 19. Albany, New York. The Iroquois concluded the Nanfan Treaty, deeding the English a large tract north of the Ohio River. The Iroquois nominally gave the English much of the disputed territory north of the Ohio in the NANFAN Nanfan Treaty, although this transfer was not recognised by the French, who were the strongest actual presence there at the time. In that treaty, the Iroquois leadership claimed to have conquered this “Beaver Hunting Ground” 80 years previously, or in ca. 1621. France did not recognize the validity of the treaty, as it had some actual presence in the territory at that time and the English virtually none. Meanwhile, the Iroquois were negotiating peace with the French; together they signed theGreat Peace of Montreal that same year. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanfan_Treaty Deed from the Five Nations to the King, of their Beaver Hunting Ground, more commonly known as the Nanfan Treaty, was an agreement made between the representatives of the Iroquois Confederacy with John Nanfan, the acting colonial governor of New York, on behalf of the The Crown. The treaty was conducted in Albany, New York, on July 19, 1701, and amended by both parties on September 14, 1726. The Five Nations (which became the 'Six Nations' after 1720) granted "after mature deliberation out of a deep sense of the many Royal favours extended to us by the present great Monarch of England King William the Third" the title to a vast area of land, covering significant portions of the present-day Midwestern United States and southern Ontario that they had claimed as a hunting ground, as far west as 'Quadoge' (now Chicago), by right of conquest during the later Beaver Wars of the 17th century. As the vast majority of the Beaver Hunting Grounds described in the Nanfan Treaty were also claimed by New France or its Algonquian Indian allies, the French did not recognize the treaty (it did recognize Iroquois suzerainty to the British crown in the 1713Treaty of Utrecht) and the English made no real attempt to settle these parts for the time being. In the amended agreement 25 years later, the strip of land 60 miles wide adjoining Lakes Erie and Ontario, starting at Sandusky Creek, was reserved for continued Six Nations occupation and use, with the permission of its owner under the 1701 agreement, the King of Great Britain. A copy of the treaty, containing the totem images of more than a dozen Iroquois chiefs, is part of the collections of the British National Archives.  

1702AD. The Cherokees and Creeks side with the French during Queen Anne's War.

1702AD. May. Imperialist British Redcoat Queen Anne's War begins, and it coincides, as well as a consequence of, with the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14). The fundamental issues included the rivalry between France and England in America, a conflict that had been left unresolved by the Treaty of Ryswick in 1697. It broke out anew at the acceptance of the Spanish throne by a grandson of King Louis XIV of France (Philip, Duke of Anjou) in November, 1700. This made real the threat of Bourbon domination in Europe as well as in the America's, through the combination of French and Spanish power. William III of England, along with the Dutch Netherlands, and several German states, put their weight behind the claims of the Holy Roman Emperor, a member of the rival Hapsburg family, to the Spanish throne. King Louis XIV (14^th) of France wished to place his eldest son on the throne who was a grandson of King Philip IV of Spain. However, England and the Netherlands did not want France and Spain to be unified in this way. Upon his deathbed, Spanish King Charles II named Philip, Duke of Anjou, as his heir. Philip also happened to be Louis XIV’s grandson. Worried about France’s growing strength, and its ability to control Spanish possessions in the Netherlands, England, the Dutch, and key German states in the Holy Roman Empire joined together to oppose the French. Their goal was to take the throne away from the Bourbon family along with gaining control of certain Spanish held locations in the Netherlands and Italy. Thus, the War of Spanish Succession began in 1702. Two months after Queen Anne ascended to the British throne after the death of William III, the three allied powers (Dutch, English, Holy Roman Empire of German Nations) jointly declare war on France and Spain in May 1702. Just as with King William's War before it, border raids and fighting occurred between the French and English in North America.

1703AD. Florida. Northeast American seashore. At the start of Queen Anne's war in America, British colonials in South Carolina unsuccessfully attacked St. Augustine, Florida, at that time controlled by France's ally Spain. The greatest concentration of fighting was in New England and Acadia. Many New England settlements were ravaged from time to time by Indians allied with the French. In 1703, Wells and Saco in Maine were attacked. QUEEN ANNES WAR. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lWf6AYqxhpY British King William III died in 1702 and was succeeded by Queen Anne. She was his sister-in-law and daughter of James II, from whom William had taken the throne. Queen Anne's War consumed Queen Anne for most of her reign. In America, Queen Anne's War consisted mainly of French privateering in the Atlantic and French and Indian raids on the frontier between England and France.

1704. February 29. Massachusetts. Massacre at Deerfield. AD. The most notable of these raids occurred at Deerfield, Massachusetts on February 29, 1704. French and Native American forces raided the British Redcoat Imperial city of Deerfield, killing 56, including 9 women and 25 children. They captured 109, marching them north to Canada. The next year French and Indians from Canada descended on Deerfield, Massachusetts, killing about 50 inhabitants and taking more than 100 as captives. Later Haverhill, Massachusetts, was also attacked. Queen Anne's War is over who gets to be the King of Spain. England wants one King. France wants another. Spain picked France's grandson, which was an alliance that scared the shit out of the rest of the European nations, which is why they ganged up on the newly formed two-state French-Spanish Axis. During the Days of Yore, the days when white incestual autocratic fascist totalitarian Monarchies ruled Europe, the selection of Monarch over who would rule Spain (ruled by the Catholic Church at the time; Spain, also, 95% peasantry), when Spain's childless King Charles II died, and picked King Louis 14th's grandson to succeed him, this event angered and spurred the English Monarch to use her subjects, and to wage war on France and Spain's subjects. Queen Anne's War (aka War of Spanish Sucession), was a pitched fought battle between the France and Spain axis (House of Bourbon) vs. England, the Catholic Church (Holy Roman Empire), the Dutch Netherlands, and several German states allies (House of Hapsburg) mostly in Europe. When France and England warred in Europe, the war fever in American peacetime becomes palatable. This is why the massacre on Deerfield happened.

1706AD. By 1706 the Iroquois had relented somewhat and allowed 300 Susquehannock to return to the Susquehanna Valley in Pennsylvania. No longer a powerful people, they became known as the Conestoga (from the name of their village). CONESTOGA! The Iroquois kept a watchful eye on them and used their homeland as a kind of supervised reservation for the displaced Algonquin and Siouan tribes (Delaware, Munsee, Nanticoke, Conoy, Tutelo, Saponi, Mahican, Shawnee, and New England Algonquin) who were allowed to settle there as members of the “ British Redcoat Covenant Chain.” Quaker missionaries arrived and made many conversions among the Susquehannock. As Conestoga became a Christian village, the more traditional Susquehannock left - either returning to the Oneida in New York, or moving west to Ohio to join the Mingo.

1707AD.  A band of Shawnee “had emigrated to Apalachiola to establish Ephippeck Town” (Belue, pg. 11).

1707 AD. The Catawba warred against the Shawnee (Savannah?) until they kicked them out permanently in 1707. The Iroquois ordered the Shawnee and Delaware to stop but were ignored. From Shawnee tradition the quarrel with the Chickasaw would seem to be of older date. After the reunion of the Shawnee in the north, they secured the alliance of the Delawares, and the two tribes turned against the Cherokee until the latter were compelled to ask for peace, when the old friendship was renewed.

1707AD. Peter Chartier living on Pequea Creek, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. 1707.

1707AD. Final expulsion from South Carolina after defeat by the Catawba, most of the Savannah Shawnee went to Pennsylvania, others to Tennessee, and still others would eventually join the Creek Confederacy; Cumberland Shawnee began trading with the French, and allowed Charleville to establish a trading post near present Nashville, TN.

1707AD. Some Shawnee moved from the Savannah River to Pennsylvania in 1707, to escape increasing hostilites with Caroline; another band followed after the Yamassee War. Still more arrived from Illinois, Ohio, Kentucky, and the Carolinas in the 1700s.

1707. A southern Indian taken captive to Virginia drew a map on which he placed a village called Ephippeck (Eskippeck) on the Apalachicola River, in the panhandle of Florida. This could be a Shawnee settlement from the group identified with the Skipakicipi River in Kentucky, and possibly the group that later returned to build Eskippakithiki in Clark County, Kentucky. This tends to support an account of the Shawnee Black Hoof that in his childhood he lived near the sea in Florida. Puckshinwah, and Black Hoof would be born here (Eskippakithiki). Possibly Tecumseh too.

1709. Kakowatchiky, a Shawnee Chief, a significant leader in 1694. 1709. Chief of the Shawnees at the Pechoquealin towns above the Delaware Water Gap as early as 1709. KAKOWATCHIKY!

1710. Peter Schuyler, mayor of Albany, arranged for three Mohawk chiefs and a Mahican chief (known incorrectly as the Four Mohawk Kings) to travel to London in 1710 to meet with Queen Anne in an effort to seal an alliance with the British. Queen Anne was so impressed by her visitors that she commissioned their portraits by court painter John Verelst. The portraits are believed to be the earliest surviving oil portraits of Aboriginal peoples taken from life.

1710 AD. “A delegation of Iroquois chiefs—they were Mohawks, Keepers of the Confederation's Eastern Door, arrayed in English apparel that did not detract from their shaved heads and faces tattooed with ebony dots and triangles and lines—appeared before Queen Anne, beseeching Her Majesty to protect her Indians. She, in turn, beseeched them to clasp hands with her in defending Iroquoia. Hers was a true test of diplomacy, it having been six years since the Deerfield slayings. 3 years after Anne sent the troops, the Treaty of Urtecht ended the war, making the Iroquois her subjects.” (Belue, pg. 11).

1710. The British capture of Port Royal (1710) resulted in French-held Acadia's becoming the British province of Nova Scotia.

1710. The British government, having at last decided to aid the colonies, sent a small fleet under Colonel Nicholson, which was joined by an armament from Boston, and a third attack was made. This was successful. Port Royal surrendered, and was named Annapolis in honor of the English queen, while Acadia was henceforth called Nova Scotia. A beginning of English success was thus made, and the bold scheme of oonquering Canada was now conceived. Sir Hovendon Walker arrived at Boston with a fleet and an army, and these were augmented by the colonists at the bugle call of Governor Dudley of Massachusetts, until the fleet consisted of nine war vessels, sixty transports, and many smaller craft, bearing in all twelve thousand men. Nothing like it had ever before been seen in American waters.

1710. Port Royal, the capital of Acadia, was captured by British colonial forces in 1710 and later renamed Annapolis Royal... the New York and New England borders with Canada were raided by French forces together with their Indian allies during this phase of the French British, and Indian Wars.

1710AD. Peter Chartier married his first cousin, Shawnee Princess Blanceneige-Wapakonee Opessa (1695-1737), about 1710. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Chartier

1711. To capture both Quebec and Montreal, a massive attack by land and sea on French-held Canada was planned in 1711 by the British Redcoats. Troops were sent from England to help. The effort was abandoned after accidents in the St. Lawrence River, caused heavy losses of ships and men.

1711AD. British Redcoat Governor Alexander Spotswood of Virginia offered sanctuary to the Tutelo and related tribes, who were still being attacked by the Iroquois. The sanctuary was located at Fort Christanna, Virginia. So the people returned to Virginia.

1711. August. In August, 1711, a 12,000 strong White Anglo-Saxon British Redcoat Massachusetts regiment moved northward, and at the same time a land force of twenty-three hundred men under Colonel Nicholson started for Montreal by way of Lake Champlain.

1711 Autumn - 1715 February. The Tuscarora War. North Carolina. The Tuscarora War was fought in North Carolina during the autumn of 1711 until 11 February 1715 between the British, Dutch, and German settlers and the Tuscarora Native Americans. The Europeans enlisted the Yamasee and Cherokee as Indian allies against the Tuscarora, who had amassed several allies themselves. This was considered the bloodiest colonial war in North Carolina. Defeated, the Tuscarora signed a treaty with colonial officials in 1718 and settled on a reserved tract of land in what became Bertie County. The first successful and permanent settlement of North Carolina by Europeans began in earnest in 1653. The Tuscarora lived in peace with the European settlers who arrived in North Carolina for over 50 years at a time when nearly every other colony in America was actively involved in some form of conflict with the American Indians. However, the settlers increasingly encroached on Tuscarora land, raided villages to take slaves, and introduced epidemic diseases. 1712. The Tuscaroras (“the Hemp Gatherers”) were admitted to the tribal union, and henceforth the confederacy of the Iroquois has been known as the Six Nations. At the time the first European traders and settlers appeared in the region around the fork of the Ohio, the primary occupants of the land were the confederation of the Five Nations, called the Iroquois. The other Indian nations in Ohio Country were the Delaware and the Shawnee. The Five Nations were comprised of the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas and the Senecas. After their defeat, most of the Tuscarora migrated north to New York where they joined their Iroquoian cousins, the Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy. After the Tuscarora War, most of them survived, and those surviving Tuscarora left North Carolina, and migrated north to Pennsylvania and New York, over a period of 90 years. They aligned with the Iroquois in New York, because of their ancestral linguistic and cultural connections.

1712AD. Pale Croucher is born. The first child by Peter Chartier and his cousin, Shawnee Princess Blanceneige-Wapakonee Opessa, Pale Croucher, is born, in Conestoga. His father established a trading post in Conestoga. They had three children: Francois "Pale Croucher" (b. 1712), René "Pale Stalker" (b. 1720), and Anna (b. 1730).

1713AD. Lt. Governor Alexander Spotswood of Virginia sought to protect the various Siouan people by inviting them to settle in 1713 around Fort Christanna in Brunswick County, Virginia. From the western history's point of view these groups were consolidated as the “Saponi Nation”. During this period the various groups migrated back and forth and across the Virginia-Carolina Piedmont Area seeking safe refuge as English settlements overwhelmed the Piedmont area. The Eastern Siouan tribes as well as the other Native people were pressured to cede their lands and move west. A band went North and was ultimately absorbed by the Six Nations. Another group went Southeast and became associated with the “Five Civilized Tribes”. A third group stayed in the Piedmont area while a fourth group went South and joined the Catawba Nation. Our group returned to the Ohio River Valley, the ancestral homeland of the Siouan people.

            Many people still believe that American Indians in Kentucky lived in cave or tipis. At the time Kentucky was declared a state, American Indians were actually living in log cabins, multi-story wooden homes, and brick houses.

1713. Under the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), the British Imperialist Redcoats acquired Newfoundland and the Hudson Bay region from France, and Queen Anne's War ends. 1713AD. The Treaty of Urtecht is signed, which makes the Iroquois, Queen Anne's subjects (read: slaves), and it ends British Redcoat Monarch Queen Anne's War (1701-1713). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/encyclopedia/TreatyofUtrecht1713-QuebecHistory.htm http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/859832/treaties-of-Utrecht  French and Indian Wars. 1713. The war concluded with the Peace of Utrecht (1713), in which the warring states recognised the French candidate as King Philip V of Spain in exchange for territorial and economic concessions ….Under the Peace of Utrecht, Philip was recognised as King Philip V of Spain, but renounced his place in the French line of succession, thereby precluding the union of the French and Spanish crowns (although there was some sense in France that this renunciation was illegal). He retained the Spanish overseas empire, but ceded the Southern Netherlands, Naples, Milan, and Sardinia to Austria; Sicily, and parts of the Milanese to Savoy; and Gibraltar and Minorca to Great Britain. Moreover, he granted the British the exclusive right to non-Spanish slave trading in Spanish America for thirty years, the so-called Asiento. With regard to the political organisation of their kingdoms, Philip issued the Nueva Planta decrees, following the centralising approach of the Bourbons in France, ending the political autonomy of the kingdoms which had made up the Crown of Aragon; territories in Spain that had supported the Archduke Charles, and up to then had kept their institutions in a framework of loose dynastic union, separate from the rest of the Spanish realm.

            SAPONI. The tribe began to move north to Pennsylvania and New York under pressure from white settlers coming into Virginia.The Saponi people are originally of Siouan stock (speaking a dialect of the Sioux language), and lived in on the east coast in the Virginia/North Carolina Piedmont area.

1714AD. Governor Spotswood built “Trading Fort Christanna” in agreement to a Treaty, here the sons and daughters of the Chiefs were held for insurance (hostage) against hostility. This is where the Saponi people learned to read, write and accepted Christian names. Eventually the fort was abandoned by the Europeans, and inhabited only by the Saponi people. Later, the six mile diameter reservation was abolished colonists. Forced off their own land, the Saponi received permission in 1733 to move on the Tuscarora reservation.

1714. The Sack of Chestowee at Mouse Creek. History clearly records, that many of the Yuchi residing in East Tennessee were evicted/exterminated by the Cherokee under the armament and direction of Eleazer Wiggan and Alexander Long (traders from South Carolina) just as the Historic Period took hold of East Tennessee. At Chestowee (Mouse Creek) the heavily armed Cherokee stormed the walls in 1714. The surviving YUCHI old men, women and children gathered in the communal house, and committed mass suicide, rather than be taken captive. At least one woman and five children survived, and were taken as slaves back to South Carolina where they told their story to officials. Mr. Long and Mr. Wiggan were arrested, tried and convicted of inciting Indian war, for which the were stripped of their trading licenses—temporarily. 1714. The Cherokee Sack Chestowee in the Southeast. Instigated by two fur traders from South Carolina, the Cherokee attacked and destroyed CHESTOWEE Chestowee. The Cherokee were prepared to carry their attacks further to Yuchi settlements on the Savannah River, but the colonial government of South Carolina did not condone the attacks. The Cherokee held back. The Cherokee destruction of Chestowee marked their emergence as a major power in the Southeast.

1714 AD. Soon after the coming of Charleville, in 1714, the Shawnee finally abandoned the Cumberland Valley, being pursued to the last moment by the Chickasaw. 1714AD. During their stay in the Cumberland region the Shawnee came under the influence of British traders from South Carolina and in 1699, led by these traders, made an attack on a group of Cahokia Indians on the Mississippi River fifteen miles below the mouth of the Illinois River. It was very possibly this British alliance that caused the Cherokee and Chickasaw to expel the Shawnee from the Cumberland in 1714. “Some of the Shawnee escaped into the Creek country of Alabama, but most began working their way north to the Ohio and eventually to Pennsylvania.” ~Jerry E. Clark.

1715AD. Blacks Become “Property” With Rise of the Tobacco Economy. Since there was not a clear distinction between slavery and servitude at the time, “biracial camaraderie” often resulted in children. The idea that blacks were property did not harden until around 1715 with the rise of the tobacco economy, by which time there was a small but growing population of free families of color.

1715. February 11. The Tuscarora War in North Carolina ends. The Tuscarora War was fought in North Carolina during the autumn of 1711 until 11 February 1715 between the British, Dutch, and German settlers and the Tuscarora Native Americans (The Hemp People). The Europeans enlisted the Yamasee and Cherokee as Indian allies against the Tuscarora, who had amassed several allies themselves.

1715AD. The Yamasee War in 1715 (British South Carolina + native Allies vs. Spanish Florida + native Allies) found at least some of the Shawnee involved in opposition to the Carolina government. The struggle was basically a quarrel between the British South Carolina colony and the Spanish colony in Florida, but most of the actual fighting was done by the various Indian tribes aligned with the respective colonies. As a result of the war, at least one band of Shawnee fled to the Chattahoochee River, which separates Georgia from Alabama, and settled near the present city of Fort Gaines, Georgia.

1715AD. In the eighteenth century, Shawnees had settlements on the Tallapoosa River in Alabama, where they lived alongside the Creek Indians. One group took refuge there following the Yamassee War in South Carolina in 1715, and others gravitated to the area, establishing a long-standing connection between Shawnees and Creeks. Shawnees from Ohio continued to raid, trade, and visit with south Indians throughout the century (Calloway, pg. 10).

1715. South Carolina. Many Cherokee were employed as runaway slave catchers. It was the Cherokee who came to be the most cultivated of Native Indian tribes by the South Carolina colonial government in the early 18th Century. William S. Willis, in an article, "Divide and Rule: Red, white, and Black in the Southeast", provides evidence which strongly supports the theory of Melungeon origin: i.e. they were a mixture of Negro, Indian and White people. In his well-documented scholarly paper, Willis shows that in the early 18th Century, the colonial governors and other whites in South Carolina consciously sought to make the Indians and Negroes hate and fear each other. The reason was simple. Whites obviously felt outnumbered and physically threatened by a coalition of Indians and Negro slaves in the colony. Runaway slaves were finding refuge with the Indians. To protect the whites from an attack from a combined group Indians and runaway slaves, a policy of dividing the two groups was established by 1715. Many Cherokee were employed as runaway slave catchers. It was the Cherokee who came to be the most cultivated of Native Indian tribes by the South Carolina colonial government in the early 18th Century.

1715AD. Cherokee and Chickasaw joined to defeat the Cumberland Shawnee. Some of the Shawnee joined the Creek Indians, while others moved north, and dispersed, all throughout Kentucky.

1715AD. In a council held at Philadelphia in 1715 with the Shawnee and Delawares, the former “who live at a great distance,” asked the friendship of the Pennsylvania government. These are evidently the same who about this time were driven from their home on Cumberland River.

1716AD. Cherokee strengthen their alliance with the British.

1717. This date is engraved in a sandstone rockshelter in eastern Kentucky (Wolfe County). 1717. Perhaps the earliest evidence of an English trader with Cherokee in Kentucky is in Wolfe County, where a date of 1717 occurs with traditional symbols of Anitsisqua, the Cherokee Bird Clan, incised on a sandstone outcrop overlooking Panther Branch. Cherokee claims to Kentucky were seriously challenged when the Tuscarawas joined the Haudenosaunee, a confederacy of Iroquoian speaking peoples that included the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas in 1722.

1717AD. The Cumberland River Shawnees from Kentucky and Tennessee enjoyed good relations with William Penn, who, as governor of Pennsylvania, tried to ensure fair dealings with the Indians in trade and land transactions. But things were never the same after Penn died in 1717, and as relations with English traders and settlers deteriorated, Shawnees began to move west across the Allegheny Mountains. (Calloway, pg. 12).

1718. In 1718 Peter CHARTIER moved to Dekanoagah, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, and obtained title to 300 acres on the Yellow Breeches Creek near the Susquehanna River where his father died in April of that year. 1718AD. Martin Chartier Death: 1718 in Dekanoagah (Indian village around current Lancaster County), Pennsylvania, USA.

1718. April 18. Note: Administration of estate granted 18 April, 1718 to James Logan of Philadelphia. PC 1718 - living in Dekanoagah, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania and obtained title to 300 acres on the Susquehanna River where his father had died.

1718. Martin Chartier died 1718, noted Indian trader and interpreter in early Pennsylvania and Maryland, Frenchmen from Canada who resided at Fort St. Louis of the Sieur De La Salle in present Illinois, 1684-1690, a leader thence of the Shawnee Indians to Maryland, 1692, and to Susquehanna River at Pequea Creek, now Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 1697, agent in William Penn's Treaties with the Indians of the Susquehanna, settled here in later years at the site of Washington Borough on a 300 acre tract granted to him by Penn, father by his Shawnee wife of Peter Chartier, the Indian trader and interpreter. 1718. Martin Chartier died in 1718, master of a huge trading house and plantation on the Susquehanna River. He might have had several children, but only one son, Peter Chartier, handled the estate. Martin Chartier died at Dekanoagah in 1718. Martin Chartiere married an Indian squaw. When the Shawanese came from the South and settled at Pequea Creek, he moved there, and made his permanent residence among them. Martin Chartier spoke the Delaware language fluently, and acquired great influence with these Indians. The chief Logan was anxious to be upon good terms with him, and took special pains to cultivate his friendship. The loan commissioners, who were the Penns' agents for the sale of their lands, gave him a large tract, extending from the mouth of Conestoga Cre ek several miles up the Susquehanna. He built his trading-post, and finally settled upon the farm afterwards owned by the Stehmans, at or near where they built a saw-mill in Washington borough. Martin Chartier died at this place in 1708?. A message announcing his death was sent to Logan, who at tended his funeral. He left all his property to his only son, Peter Chartiere, who married a Shawanese squaw. Colonialist scholars tell us that it was not particularly uncommon at that time to find a white man disaffected with his own society living with an Indian tribe. What was rare, however, was to find a white man leading an Indian tribe, and this is precisely what both Martin Chartier and his son Peter did. The Shawnees that Martin Chartier met on the Mississippi River had been drawn there by the great French explorer, LaSalle. Martin Chartier died in 1718....." Martin Chartier died in April, 1718. James Logan was at his funeral, which shows that he was hel d in high esteem by the Penns."

1718-1754. ESKIPPAKITHIKI. From 1718 to 1754, early Scottish traders, referred to the Piqua, a band of Shawnee who lived at Eskippakithiki, as Picts, and their village as Little Pict Town. Eskippakithiki was then “the metropolis of Kentucky, of Shawnee-French-Canadian-Iroquoian Kentucky, when all Kentuckians paid homage to King Louis, the Grand Monarque of France, serenely oblivious, in the distractions of his pleasure-seeking court, of the huddle of dusky savages who, in the deep forests of the New World, were achieving life and security under the psychologic influence of his potent name” (Lucian Beckner 1932: 365). Puckshinwah (Puckishinwah, Puckeshinwah, Pukshinwa) and Black Hoof were both born here. Maybe Tecumseh too.

1718. Peter Chartier, living in Dekanoagah, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, obtained title to 300 acres on the Susquehanna River where his father had died. “........His son, Peter Chartier, after living a few years at his father's place, removed to the neighborhood of New Cumberland, where he had a trading post. He left Cumberland Valley, and located below Pittsburgh. He was all his life an Indian trader, and finally went to reside with the Indians, and took sides with them again the English. He left descendants who reside, I believe, in Washington county, Penn.”

1720s

1720s. The French claimed most of Kentucky, established trading posts with help of local Indian tribes.

1720AD. On Moll's map of 1720 we find this region marked as occupied by the Cherokee, while “Savannah Old Settlement” is placed at the mouth of the Cumberland River, indicating that the removal of the Shawnee had then been completed.

1720AD. Jean L'Archevêque, Pierre Duhaut's decoy, was killed in 1720 by Indians during the Villasur expedition—coincidentally in an ambush beside a river.

1720. Pale Stalker is born. He is the son of Peter Chartier, and his Shawnee mother.

1721AD. December 8. Cumberland County, VA, USA. Cherokee Chief Red Bird (Cardinal?) is born. Red Bird (1721-1796) Also known as Dotsuwa, he inscribed traditional Cherokee symbols on the walls of rosckshelters in Spurlock, Kentucky.  He is the namesake of the Red Bird River and several towns in Kentucky.  He was murdered in Clay County, Kentucky by two men from Tennessee, Edward Miller and John Livingston, an incident of National significance. Aaron Chief Red Bird Brock, Cherokee. Nickname: "Totsuwha / do-tsu-wa Ꮩ Ꮷ Ꮹ", "to-chu-wo-r ᏙᏧᏬR", "c-u-tsa-wah CᎤᏣᏩ", "Chief Red Bird”. B. 1721. December 8. Cumberland County, VA, USA. Died 1820? in Clay, Webster, Kentucky. 1721. Red Bird (1721-1796) Also known as Dotsuwa, he inscribed traditional Cherokee symbols on the walls of rockshelters in Spurlock, Kentucky.  He is the namesake of the Red Bird River and several towns in Kentucky.  He was murdered in Clay County, Kentucky by two men from Tennessee, Edward Miller and John Livingston, an incident of National significance. Aaron Chief Red Bird Brock, Cherokee. Nickname: "Totsuwha / do-tsu-wa Ꮩ Ꮷ Ꮹ", "to-chu-wo-r ᏙᏧᏬR", "c-u-tsa-wah CᎤᏣᏩ", "Chief Red Bird”. B. 1721. December 8. Cumberland County, VA, USA. Died 1820? in Clay, Webster, Kentucky. “Red Bird was killed by some hunters below the mouth of Big Creek and thrown into a hole of water. I do not know whether my father helped bury him or not. I have heard my father talk about Red Bird but I do not remember anything definitely now. There was no justification for the murder of Red Bird. The hunters quarreled with him about furs and killed him out of greed. He had an Indian with him, called Jack, who escaped.” (Dickey 1898b).

1721AD. Future Shawnee War Chieftain Black Hoof is born in Eskippakithiki, Clark County, Kentucky. The Algonquin Shawnee can claim Kentucky as their motherland. So can the Mosopeleas and Honniasontkeronons. And 20+ other native American tribes.

1721AD. The French convinced 250 Nipissing at Ile aux Tourtes, and about 100 Algonkin from St. Anne de Boit de Ille missions in the upper Ottawa Valley to settle with 300 Christian Mohawk living at the Sulpician mission village of Lake of Two Mountains (Lac des Deaux Montagnes) just west of Montreal. Considering the past animosities between these peoples, this must have been “one heck of a sales job.” The most amazing thing is that it worked out fairly well, although the Nipissing and Algonkin insisted on calling the combined village Oka (pickerel), while the Mohawk stayed with their own name, Kanesatake or “sandy place.” As part of the mission community at Oka, the Nipissing became part of the alliance known as Seven Nations of Canada (Seven Fires of Caughnawaga). Its membership included the: Caughnawaga (Mohawk), Lake of the Two Mountains (Iroquois, Algonkin, and Nipissing), St. Francois (Sokoki, Pennacook, and New England Algonquin), Bécancour (Eastern Abenaki), Oswegatchie (Onondaga and Oneida), Lorette (Huron), and St. Regis (Mohawk). The name of this alliance is not familiar to most Americans, but the Seven Nations of Canada were the primary French native allies used against the British Redcoats.

1722-1750. “Mount Pleasant” was noted as being on the Savannah River in present-day Effingham County, Georgia, from about 1722 to about 1750. It was first a Yuchi town. To take advantage of trade, the British established a trading post and small military garrison there, which they called Mount Pleasant.

1722AD. The Treaty of Albany. The Iroquois attacks on the British Redcoats stopped at the signing of the Treaty of 1722. The Treaty of Albany is made between the Haudenosaunee and Great Britain. The Haudenosaunee are joined by the Tuscarora and they expand by alliance and conquest to control an area from southern Canada, southward. 1722. Cherokee claims to Kentucky were seriously challenged when the Tuscarawas joined the Haudenosaunee, a confederacy of Iroquoian speaking peoples that included the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas in 1722. Sponsored by the Oneida, they were accepted in 1722 as the Sixth Nation of the Iroquois. After the American Revolution, in which they and the Oneida allied with the colonists, the Tuscarora shared reservation land with the Oneida before gaining their own. They were accepted as the sixth nation. Their chief said that Tuscarora remaining in the South after 1722 were no longer members of the tribe. The Tuscarora Nation of New York is federally recognized. 1722. The Tuscarora's (The Hemp People) join the Iroquois Confederacy, making it 6 Nations. 1723. 5 Nations Becomes 6. "Six Nations" after the admission of the Tuscarora in 1723.

1724AD. Padouka (Paduca): the early name of several tribes dwelling in the great interior basin of the United States, S. W. of the Missouri River; they are considered by modern writers as mainly belonging to the Shoshonean family, and include the Shoshones (or Snake Indians), Utes, Comanches, and others. In 1724, Bourgmont visited one of these tribes, apparently the Comanches, on the Upper Kansas River; see account of his expedition in Margry’s Découv. et établ., t. vi., pp. 386-449. Later in the eighteenth century, they ceased to be known under the name Padouka; it is probable that, to escape their enemies, they migrated northward, and broke up into various bands bearing the names of subdivisions of the Padouka nation. The north branch of the Platte River has also borne the name of Paducas Fork; and a town in Kentucky is called Paducah. The family appellation Paduca is, among modem writers, used mainly by R. G. Latham (cited by Powell in U.S. Bur. Ethnol. Rep., 1885-86, p. 108), who thus designates a number of tribes belonging not only to the Shoshonean family but to others — See Coues’s Lewis and Clark Expedition, pp. 60, 478.

1725. The Kentucky Saponi. European encroachment, disease, war and disenfranchisement forced the SAPONI Saponi people west to their prior home on the New River of "then" Botetourt/Grayson county Virginia and Wilkes county North Carolina. By the late 1700s, many Saponi were again forced from their homes. Migration into Tennessee and Kentucky, and then into Indiana, took place in 25 years.

1725AD. A band of about thirty Shawnee was still on the Savannah River in 1725, and it has been suggested that they may have been the Hathawekela who were reported in Pennsylvania in 1731.

1725AD. Shawnee establish Logstown. Located directly on the right bank of the Ohio River, the original village was settled by Shawnees, possibly as early as 1725, on low-lying land on the north bank of the Ohio, less than a mile north of present-day Ambridge in Beaver County, Pennsylvania. In the rich soil by the riverside, the Shawnees cultivated maize. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logstown

1726. September 14. In the amended agreement 25 years later of the English-Iroquois Nanfan Treaty, the strip of land 60 miles wide adjoining Lakes Erie and Ontario, starting at Sandusky Creek, was reserved for continued Six Nations occupation and use, with the permission of its owner under the 1701 agreement, the King of Great Britain. A copy of the treaty, containing the totem images of more than a dozen Iroquois chiefs, is part of the collections of the British National Archives.

1728AD. A band of Shawnee moved west and settled near the Allegheny and Ohio Rivers.

            Adena - The Adena people differed from the Archaic because they organized villages, developed more extensive gardens, wore jewelry, and played games. The most lasting record of their culture are ceremonial burial mounds. Many of these mounds still exist, the most notable being in Moundsville and South Charleston.

1728. About 1728, KAKOWATCHIKY moved with his band to the Shawnee Flats on the North Branch of the Susquehanna (just below the present town of Plymouth), the general area being known then as Wyoming.

1729AD. The Shawnee were serving as guides into northern Kentucky for the French military who considered Kentucky part of New France. At this time, the Cherokee were busy fighting the Choctaw, Creek, and Yamasee to the south for their British allies. 1729. Shawnee lead a French expedition to Big Bone Lick. KENTUCKY!

1729-1739AD. The Establishment of Shannoah. SHANNOAH. The “first” major Shawnee village west of Pennsylvania on the Ohio River was Lower Shawnee Town (Shannoah), situated at the mouth of the Scioto River across from present-day Portsmouth, Ohio (a lower portion was also established on the Kentucky side). Its advantageous location on both the Ohio River and the Great Warriors Path made it a favorite rendezvous for the Shawnee, and an important center for French and English fur traders. It was apparently established between 1729 and 1739.

1730s

1730AD. As a gesture of thanks, Sir Alexander Cuming took principal Cherokee Chiefs to England with him in 1730 including Attakullakulla, Clogoittah, Kollannah, Onancona, Oukah Ulah, Skalilosken Ketagustah, and Tathtowe.  Although this visit strengthened allegiance with the British, the Cherokee population in Kentucky and elsewhere was cut in half by smallpox just eight years later making it difficult to defend their northern borders.  To make matters worse, the Creek and Choctaw had allied themselves with the French.

1730. Anna Chartier is born. Peter Chartier's Shawnee wife births a daughter for him named Anna.

1730AD.  As a gesture of thanks, Sir Alexander Cuming took principal Cherokee Chiefs to England with him in 1730 including Attakullakulla, Clogoittah, Kollannah, Onancona, Oukah Ulah, Skalilosken Ketagustah, and Tathtowe. Although this visit strengthened allegiance with the British, the Cherokee population in Kentucky and elsewhere was cut in half by smallpox just eight years later making it difficult to defend their northern borders. To make matters worse, the Creek and Choctaw had allied themselves with the French.

1730. The Lulbegrud Creek Shawnee. An interpretation is that a band of the Shawnee from Carolina broke away in 1730, and formed a village on Lulbegrud Creek, Kentucky. (Clark, 1993).

1730. A man named Adair visited the Cherokee village settlements in Kentucky. “In 1730, an-other enterprising trader from South Carolina, named Adair, made an extensive tour through the villages of the Cherokees and also visited the tribes to the South and West of them.” https://archive.org/stream/cu31924028846074/cu31924028846074_djvu.txt

1730. The Shawnee stopped for some time at various points in Kentucky, and perhaps also at Shawneetown, but finally, about the year 1730, they collected along the north bank of the Ohio River, in Ohio and Pennsylvania, extending from the Allegheny down to Logstown, and Lowertown was probably built about this time. The land thus occupied was claimed by the Wyandot, who granted permission to the Shawnee to settle upon it, and many years afterward threatened to dispossess them if they continued hostilities against the United States. They probably wandered for some time in Kentucky.

1730. As Pennsylvania Shawnee began to migrate west around 1730, some may have moved beyond the boundary of Pennsylvania into Ohio.

1731. A band of about thirty Shawnee was still on the Savannah River in 1725, and it has been suggested that they may have been the Hathawekela who were reported in Pennsylvania in 1731.

1732. “When the Pennsylvania authorities heard that Shawnees had visited the French governor in Montreal, they feared the French were trying to win them over. The governor of Pennsylvania requested a meeting in Philadelphia with Shawnee delegates in the fall of 1732 and asked them why they had moved and what they were up to communicating with the French. He reminded them of the alliance they had entered into with the English in Pennsylvania and asked them to return. The Shawnees replied that “the place where they are now Settled Suits them much better than to live nearer,” and “that they can live much better there than they possibly can anywhere on Sasquehannah.” (Calloway, pg. 12).

1732AD. In 1732, of seven hundred warriors in the British State of Pennsylvania, 350 were Shawnee. They had several villages within the limits of the present counties of Allegheny and Beaver.

1732. Peter Chartier witnessed a letter from Neucheconner & other Shawnee Chiefs to the Governor of Pennsylvania, and attended Council Philadelphia with others. NEUCHECONNER!

1732. June. The Shawnee sent a letter to British Governor Gordon of Pennsylvania in which they stated that about five years before, the 5 Nations of the Iroquois had ordered the Shawnee to return to Ohio, where they had come from. This can be interpreted to mean that around 1670 the Shawnee had lived on the Cumberland River, and on the Ohio between the mouths of the Muskingum and the Wabash.

1733AD. British Governor Spotswood built “Trading Fort Christanna” in agreement to a Treaty, here the sons and daughters of the Chiefs were held for insurance (hostage) against hostility. This is where the Saponi people learned to read, write and accepted Christian names. Eventually the fort was abandoned by the Europeans, and inhabited only by the Saponi people. Later, the six mile diameter reservation was abolished colonists. Forced off their own land, the Saponi received permission in 1733 to move on the Tuscarora reservation.

1733AD. At Fort Gaines, Georgia, a band of Shawnee were joined by a band of Yuchi, who accompanied them to the Tallapoosa River in 1733. A band of about thirty Shawnee was still on the Savannah River in 1733.

1734. After murdering a Mingo chief, one band of Shawnee fled westward. Where they went is uncertain, but it is probable that they fled down the Ohio as far as the Scioto River, where a town was established in 1734. The Shawnee were breaking away, not only from the influence of the English, but also from the authority of the Iroquois.

1734AD. Peter Chartier founded Chartier's Town in Alleghany County, Pennsylvania.

1736. A 1736 map of Paxtang Manor by surveyor Edward Smout shows Chartier's home in what is today Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

1736. The French-Canadian Census of 1736 had listed Eskippakithiki as “Chaouanons, towards Carolina, two hundred men”, and 200 men implies heads of households, so there would have been about 800 to 1000 Native Americans, men, women, children, with souls, and heartbeats.

1737. The Delaware and Shawnee lost their lands in eastern Pennsylvania, both tribes removed to western Pennsylvania, and later Ohio, though one Shawnee band went South into West Virginia and Kentucky Appalachia!!!

1737AD. Peter Chartier became a PEKOWI Pekowi Chief in Pennsylvania.

1738. Peter Chartiersigned petition to Pennsylvania. By the late 1730s, pressure from colonial expansion produced repeated conflicts. Shawnee communities were affected by the fur trade in which furs were often traded to European traders for rum or brandy, leading to serious social problems related to alcohol abuse. Several Shawnee communities in the Province of Pennsylvania, led by the half-French trader Peter Chartier, opposed the sale of alcohol in their communities and a conflict with Governor Patrick Gordon arose.

1738AD. Smallpox infects American Indians living in the Appalachian Mountains. Although this visit strengthened allegiance with the British, the Cherokee population in Kentucky and elsewhere was cut in half by smallpox making it difficult to defend their northern borders. To make matters worse, the Creek and Choctaw had allied themselves with the French.

1739AD. The British-Shawnee Treaty of 1739. After much negotiation, a delegation of twenty-one Shawnees came to Philadelphia in 1739, agreed to a treaty that reaffirmed their original treaty with William Penn in 1701, and promised not to join any nation that was hostile to Great Britain. Pennsylvania continued to ask for assurances of Shawnee loyalty and Shawnee diplomats continued to give them, but the Shawnees were moving out from under Pennsylvania's influence, and continued to talk with the French. (Calloway, pg. 13).

1739. A French Canadian explorer and soldier, Charles-Le-Moyne, also second Baron DeLongueil, discovered the site. 1739. Captain/Baron Charles-Le-Moyne-De-Longueuil explores Kentucky. The French claimed most of land, established trading posts with help of local Indian tribes. 1739. Shawnee lead a second expedition to Big Bone Lick. 1739. Charles-(III)-le-Moyne-de-Longueuil-Baron-de-Longueuil-(II). More than two hundred years ago — in 1729 to be exact — an intrepid French Canadian soldier and explorer, then commanding at Fort Niagara, Captain Charles-le-Moyne-de-Longueil, descended the Ohio River from the eastern Great Lakes and discovered Big Bone Lick in Northern Kentucky.  BIG BONE LICK. “Big Bone Lick: The radiocarbon evidence indicates that mastodons and Clovis people overlapped in time; however, other than one fossil with a possible cut mark and Clovis artifacts that are physically associated with but dispersed within the bone-bearing deposits, there is no incontrovertible evidence that humans hunted Mammut americanum at the site.” His was the military entourage that accompanied and protected the famous French engineer, M. Chaussegros de Lery,² whose compass surveys at this time gave basis for the first reconnaissance charting of the meandering course of the Ohio River. Though records do not so state, we may assume without fear of error that he was taken to this locality by the Indian guides who accompanied him, for this lick [Big Bone Lick] in southwestern Boone County was widely known among the aboriginal tribes that inhabited the Ohio Valley. While commanding a French-Canadian military expedition against the Chickasaw Native Americans in the Mississippi River Valley, Captain Charles de Longueuil discovers the region of Big Bone Lick. BIG BONE LICK. The title Baron de Longueuil is the only currently (as of today, August 17, 2014) extant French colonial title that is recognized by Queen Elizabeth II as Queen of Canada. The title was granted originally by King Louis XIV (14^th) of France to a Norman military officer, Charles le Moyne de Longueuil, and its continuing recognition since the cession of Canada to Britain is based on the Treaty of Paris (1763), which reserved to those of French descent all rights which they had enjoyed before the cession. The title descends to the heirs general of the first grantee, and as such survives today in the person of Dr. Michael Grant, the 12th Baron de Longueuil, a cognatic descendant of Charles le Moyne de Longueuil, the 1st Baron Charles Le Moyne, the 3^rd Baron de Longueuil, while commanding a French Canadian military expedition out of Canada against the Chickasaw Indians in the Mississippi River Valley ( who were hostile to the French and interfering with the communications between the French occupied Louisiana and Canada), is credited with the “discovery” of Big Bone Lick by a white European.

1739. Captain Charles (II) le Moyne de Longueuil, Baron de Longueuil (1656-1729) discovers Kentucky, finally, after humans have been living here for 13,739 years. In 1739, the Indians listed in Kentucky were Cherokee, Chickasaw, Mosopelea, Shawnee and Yuchi (Harrison). Tecumseh asked about the disappearance of the Pequot, the Narragansett, and the Pocanet Choctaw Indians, which points out the many factions of Indians that used to exist, but no longer did (Turner). According to some early maps, the Yuchi had a town in Kentucky, on a River which appears to be identical with Green River. Other Indians who can claim Kentucky as their homeland are the Delaware, the Lanapota, the Creek and the Mingo (Harrison).

1740s

1740. Cherokee and Creek ally together during the War of Jenkins's Ear.

1741. December 25. Simon Girty, a mick, is born in Chambers Mill, Pennsylvania. Native Americans killed Simon Girty's biological father; or maybe he died in a duel, several years later. Maidened Simon Girty, aka KATEPACOMEN, was the son of an Irish packhorse driver employed in the fur trade immigrant who settled in Eastern Pennsylvania. Simon Girty was also his father's name, but he never did anything with it, and Mary Newton was his mother's name, even though she only kept half of it., Simon Girty's mother made their home at Chambers Mills, on the east side of the Susquehanna, above Harrisburg, now Dauphin County, Pennsylvania. Here Simon Girty, their second son (Thomas was the first), was born.

            “Now there was about this time, Katepacomen, a wise man, if it be lawful to call him a man, for he was a Messiah, a doer of wonderful works; a teacher of such men as received the truth with pleasure. Katepacomen drew over to him both many of the Shawnee, and many of the Delawares, Mingos, Wyandots, Miamis, Ottawas, Ojibwas, and Potawatomis. Katepacomen was (the) Great Warrior Chief sent from the Sun; and when Boone, at the suggestion of the principal British redcoat authorities amongst us, had condemned him to the cross, those that loved him at the first did not forsake him; for he appeared to them alive again the third day, as the divine prophets had foretold these and ten thousand other wonderful things concerning him; and the tribe of Katepacomens, so named from him, are not extinct at this day.” (Book XVIII, Chapter iii, Section 3). https://www.google.com/search?q=simon+girty&es_sm=122&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=J7H6U5DrGMmRyASjo4HgCQ&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1366&bih=667

1742AD. The 65 Year French Royalist Blanchet Plantation Occupation of Guadeloupe begins with 890 African and native Carib slaves.

1742AD. KAKOWATCHIKY. CONRAD WEISER and COUNT ZINZENDORF visited him in 1742.

1742. December 22. AD. Charles Blanchet I of Caen (1696-1742) “marries Renee Vinant Duchesne in Port-Louis, Guadeloupe” at 47 years of age.

1742. The Iroquois-Saponi Peace Treaty was signed. In 1742, Saponi Chief Mahenip MAHENIP was in court for “slashing and burning” the forest, a tradition our people have proudly kept for centuries.

1743. Kakowatchiky Moves to Logstown. Although explorers navigated the Ohio during the seventeenth century, there was no settlement in the future Beaver County until about 1743. Kakowatchiky, a Shawnee chief, moved with his band from the Susquehanna Valley, to Logstown. Here with the cooperation of the Ohio Mingoes they built a village, which during the next ten years became the most important center for the fur trade of the Pennsylvania traders.

1744AD. The 1744 British-Haudenosaunee Treaty of Lancaster is made between the Iroquois and Great Britain, the honkey motherland.

1744. March. AD. War was formally declared between France and Britain, again, March 1744. King George's War (1744–1748) is the name given to the military operations in North America that formed part of the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748). It was the third of the four French and Indian Wars. It took place primarily in the British provinces of New York, Massachusetts Bay, New Hampshire, and Nova Scotia. Its most significant action was an expedition organized by Massachusetts Governor William Shirley that besieged and ultimately captured the French fortress of Louisbourg, on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, in 1745.

1744. May 23. AD. King George's War in Amerika begins. News of war declarations reached the French fortress at Louisbourg first, on May 3, 1744, and the forces there wasted little time in beginning hostilities. Concerned about their overland supply lines to Quebec, they first raided the British fishing port of Canso on May 23, and then organized an attack on Annapolis Royal, then the capital of Nova Scotia. However, French forces were delayed in departing Louisbourg, and their Mi'kmaq and Maliseet allies in conjunction with Father Jean-Louis Le Loutre, decided to attack on their own in early July. MI'KMAQ! MALISEET! Annapolis had received news of the war declaration, and was somewhat prepared when the Indians began besieging Fort Anne. Lacking heavy weapons, the Indians withdrew after a few days. Then, in mid-August, a larger French force arrived before Fort Anne, but was also unable to mount an effective attack or siege against the garrison, which had received supplies, and reinforcements from Massachusetts.

1744. About 1744 KAKOWATCHIKY moved with his band to Logstown on the Ohio, where CONRAD WEISER met him in 1748. In 1744, Kakowatchiky, the eastern Shawnee “king,” abandoned his town at Wyoming and joined his kinfolk at Logg's Town, adding to the already populous Shawnee towns in the Ohio Country. Earlier, increasing numbers of Iroqouis had begun to settle new villages along the lower Cuyahoga River. This migration continued through the mid-1740s; in 1743, the French at nearby Detriot estimated that nearly six hundred Iroquois, mostly Senecas and Onondagas, were settled on the Cuyahoga.” (McConnell, Michael N.).

            “He himself was an Indian of God's creation and he was satisfied with his condition had no wish to be a European, above all he was a subject of the Iroquois, it did not behoove him to take up new Things without their Advice or Example. If the Iroquois chose to become Europeans, and learned to pray like them; he would have nothing to say against it. He liked the Indian Way of Life. God had been very kind to him even in his old Age and would continue to look well after him. God was better pleased with the Indians, than with the Europeans. It was wonderful how much he helped them.” ~Kakowatchiky.

1744. Pierre (Peter) Chartier left British Pennsylvania with about 400 Pekowi & Kishpokotha to join the French of Ohio, and moved southwest to the mouth of the Scioto River, establishing Lower Shawnee Town with sons

1744-1748. King George's War (1744-48) and

1744. Doublehead is born. Chief Doublehead, the son of Chief Great Eagle and Woman Ani Wadi, was born Birth 1744 in what is now Stearns, McCreary County, Kentucky. Doublehead was murdered 9 Aug 1807 at Hiwasee River, Cherokee, Washington, Tennessee, United States. He was known as Tal-tsu’ska’, Dsu-gwe-la-Delaware-gi and as Chuqualatague. His wives included Nannie Drumgoole, Kateeyeah Wilson, and Creat Prieber. Doublehead purposely cultivated his image as a bloodthirsty savage. Though the taking of scalps was not common among the Cherokees, he quickly made it his trademark. Even more grisly was his habit of cannibalizing his enemies' bodies. After a successful raid he would cut a piece of flesh from one of his victims, and often with blood running down his chin, eat it as a sign of the conquered's impotence. Afterwards, he would demand that his warriors, as a symbolic blood oath, do the same. Years later, when in Philadelphia meeting with President George Washington, an inquisitive reporter asked Doublehead's opinion of the white race. Without even giving the matter a moment's thought, the chief replied: "Too salty." Chief Doublehead married first to Nannie Drumgoole and married second to Katteyeah Wilson who was born about 1770. He married a third time to Creat Prieber or Priber around 1757 in Stearns, KY. Creat Prieber was the daughter of Christian Prieber and Clogoittah. She was born in Tellico Plains, TN, and died about 1790 in Stearns, McCreary County, Kentucky. The following lists include the wives and children of Chief Doublehead known; there are others reported, but this author has not proved them yet. Proven corrections would be welcome but should be accompanied with valid documentation. Children of CHIEF DOUBLEHEAD and KATEEYEAH WILSON are: 1- Tahleysuscoh Tassel DOUBLEHEAD, was b. ca 1798; d. August 1807; 2- Alcy DOUBLEHEAD, was b. ca 1800; d. Aft. 1838; m. Giles McNulty; b. ca 1790; 3- Susannah DOUBLEHEAD, was b. ca 1805; d. aft 1838; m. George Chisholm; b. ca 1805; 4- Sister DOUBLEHEAD, was b. 1807.

1744AD. 1744, May 23 or 24. Charles Blanchet 1 (1696-1742) (Charles I) dies Petit Canel, Guadeloupe at 49 years of age.The beginnings of the Blanchet Plantation Occupation of Guadeloupe (1742-1817).

1744. Peter Chartier left the British of Pennsylvania with about 400 Pekowi & Kishpoko to join the French of Ohio and moved southwest to the mouth of the Sc ioto River, establishing Lower Shawnee Town with sons.

1744. The Lancaster Treaty. From June 25 to July 4, 1744, negotiations brought forth a treaty that gave His Majesty George II of the Great British Empire, the large swath of land in between the Tidewaters and the Mississippi River (North America). 1744. “At the Treaty of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in 1744, the Iroquois ceded land between the Susquehanna River and the Allegheny Mountains, as well as their remaining claims to land within the boundaries of Virginia and Maryland. Virginia's colonial charter placed it's western boundary at the Pacific. In the colonists' eyes, the Iroquois had relinquished their claims to the Ohio country and it was open for trade and settlement. Speculators formed the Ohio Company of Virgina to sell lands at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers.” (Calloway, pg. 23).

1744, September 3 or 30. AD. Charles Pierre Blanchet II born on Petit Canal, Guadeloupe, 4 months after his father dies, on September 3, 1744. The Blanchet Plantation Occupation of Guadeloupe.

1745 AD. For 3 days, the Miami, Shawnee, and Cherokee warred, in modern day Bellevue, Kentucky (Harrison).

1745. April. AD. “The Council” granted the two hundred thousand acres in two equal portions: one hundred thousand acres went to a man named Patton (Colonel James Patton), and, the other one hundred thousand acres went to John Robinson, the Council President.

1745. Charles Hanna, in The Wilderness Trail, states that he believes Eskippakithiki was not established until 1745, when he thinks Peter Chartier stopped there for two years after fleeing from Pennsylvania. But there is good evidence to support an earlier origin. There were some 3,500 acres of land cleared by the Shawnee in the vicinity of Indian Old Fields, as Eskippakithiki is now called.

1745. Peter Chartier moved on to near Winchester KY with his 400 Pekowi & Kishpokotha Shawnee. KISHPOKOTHA! PEKOWI! 1745. AD. 400 Shawnees migrated from Pennsylvania to Ohio, Kentucky, Alabama and Illinois. 1745. April. In April 1745, Peter Chartier and about 400 Shawnees took refuge in Lower Shawneetown after defying British Royal Governor Patrick Gordon in a conflict over the sale of rum to the Shawnees. Peter Chartier opposed the sale of alcohol in Native American communities, and threatened to destroy any shipments of rum that he found. He persuaded members of the Pekowi Shawnee to leave Pennsylvania and migrate south. After staying in Lower Shawneetown for a few weeks they proceeded into Kentucky to “found” the community of Eskippakithiki. “In 1745, Peter Chartier's Shawnees, now deeply under French influence, robbed James Dunning and Peter Tostee, British Redcoat Pennsylvania traders.”

1745. November 28. The French with their Indian allies raided and destroyed the village of Saratoga, New York, killing and capturing more than one hundred of its inhabitants. All of the British settlements north of Albany were accordingly abandoned.

1745AD. In 1745, British colonial forces captured Fortress Louisbourg after a siege of six weeks. In retaliation, the Wabanaki Confederacy of Acadia launched the Northeast Coast Campaign (1745) against the British settlements on the border of Acadia in Maine.

1746AD. France launched a major expedition to recover Louisbourg in 1746. Beset by storms, disease, and finally the death of its commander, the Duc d'Anville, it returned to France in tatters without reaching its objective. DUC d'ANVILLE! The war was also fought on the frontiers between the northern British colonies and New France. Skirmishing and raiding on the northernmost communities of Massachusetts prompted Governor William Shirley to order the construction of a chain of frontier outposts stretching all the way to its border with New York.

1746AD. Peter Chartier moved to the French Lick area of Tennessee (later became Nashville).

1746AD. Peter Chartier moved his band, some three or four hundred strong, to the Wabash, leaving Chartier's Old Town as a landmark on the Traders Path to the Forks of the Ohio. Some of his Shawnees returned to Pennsylvania in 1748 and sponsored by Scaroyady (their Iroquois overseer), asked to be accepted again as friends. When the French occupied the Ohio country a few years later, the pro-British Iroquois left, and the Shawnees joined the French, who built them a new town at Logstown. Then, when the French retreated in 1758, the Shawnees also had to leave. After Pontiac's War, they agreed in 1765 to return to their former home, and some of them returned to Logstown, but in 1772, just before Dunmore's War, this last group left Pennsylvania. (Wallace, Paula W.).

1746. The Southern Shawnee band made peace with the Cherokee, and settled in the Cumberland Basin.

1746. July. AD. In July 1746, an Iroquois and intercolonial force assembled in northern New York for a retaliatory attack against Canada. British regulars expected to participate never arrived, and the attack was called off. A large (1,000+ man) French and Indian force mustered to raid in the upper Hudson River valley in 1746 instead raided in the Hoosac River valley, including an attack on Fort Massachusetts (at present-day North Adams, Massachusetts), made in revenge for the slaying of an Indian leader in an earlier skirmish.

1747. Peter Chartier moved to the Coosa River, Alabama area.

1747AD. Philip Philips was taken by some French-allied native Americans, and lived with them ever since. He still visited his Mother in English territory next to British Colonel Johnson.

1747. A sizable band of Shawnee from the Ohio River established a village or villages along the upper reaches of the Coosa River, midway between the Upper Creeks and the Cherokee. This band was led by Peter Chartier, a French trader whose father had married a Shawnee woman.

1748. A village, Chalakagay, was established near the present site of Sylacauga in Talladega County near the Abihka Indians. These Shawnee were joined by others from the north, and several villages were established in the Abihka country.

1748. Indian allies of the French attacked Schenectady, New York.

1748AD. Peter Chartier allegedly seen with some of his band in Illinois and Detroit.

1748. Also this site was the focal point for treaty making. In 1748 large delegations of Delawares, Shawnee, Iroquois and Wyandot assembled at Logstown to receive presents which Conrad Weiser hauled over the mountains with his packhorse train. The ensuing treaties were designed to strengthen the Indian alliance with the British in the struggle with the French as these two great powers vied for the control of the strategic Ohio Valley.

1748. Virginian explorers recognized the potential of the Ohio region for colonization and moved to capitalize on it, as well as to block French expansion into the territory. In 1748, Thomas Lee and brothers Lawrence and Augustine Washington organized the Ohio Company to represent the prospecting and trading interests of Virginian investors. The Ohio Company, formally known as the Ohio Company of Virginia, was a land speculation company organized for the settlement by Virginians of the Ohio Country (approximately the present state of Ohio) and to trade with the Native Americans. The Company had a land grant from Britain and a treaty with Indians, but France also claimed the area, and the conflict helped provoke the outbreak of the French and Indian War. In addition to the mandate and investment of Virginia Royal Governor Robert Dinwiddie, other original members included John Hanbury, Colonel Thomas Cresap, George Mercer, John Mercer, and “all of His Majesty’s Colony of Virginia.”

1748AD. The Cherokees and Chickasaws fight against the French.

1748. The Shawnee on the Ohio were estimated to number 162 warriors, or about 600 souls (including wife and children of the warriors). A few years later they were joined by their kindred from the Susquehanna, and the two bands were united for the first time in history. There is no evidence that the western band, as a body, ever crossed to the east side of the mountains. The nature of the country and the fear of the Oatawba would seem to have forbidden such a movement, aside from the fact that their eastern brethren were already beginning to feel the pressure of advancing civilization. The most natural line of migration was the direct route to the upper Ohio, where they had the protection of the Wyandot and Miami, and were within easy reach of the French.

1748. Although Oka was struck by smallpox in 1748, the Nipissing and Algonkin warriors living there remained loyal to the French cause helping destroy Braddock's army in 1755 at Fort Duquesne and fighting at Lake George in northern New York during 1758. This last campaign earning them another experience with smallpox.

1748. Thomas Lee and Robert Dinwiddie, surveyor general for the southern colonies (and future Royal Governor of Virginia), penned into being a competing speculative venture: The Pendennis Ohio Land Speculator's Club Company (aka “The Ohio Land Company”).

1748. At the Treaty of Lancaster in 1748, the British urged the League to restore the Ohio tribes to the British Covenant Chain as a barrier against the French, and the Iroquois created a system of “half kings”— Iroquois authorized to represent the Shawnee and Delaware in League councils. The new arrangement satisfied the Ohio tribes, and when a French expedition tried to expel British traders and mark the Ohio boundary with lead plates in 1749, the Mingo demanded to know by what right the French were claiming Iroquois land.

1748AD. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends British Redcoat King George 1's War. 1748, and restored Louisbourg to France, but failed to resolve any outstanding territorial issues.

1749. “Captain Pierre Joseph Celeron de Blainville, former commandant at Detriot, led an expedition from Montreal through the upper Ohio Valley, a show of force intended to impress the Indians with French power. En route, he buried lead plates claiming the region for Louis XV. The locals were not impressed: An old Shawnee chief Kakowatchiky, who was bedridden and blind, apparently said, “Shoot him.” The Shawnees did not shoot Celeron, but they were clearly not intimidated.” (Calloway, pg. 24).

Peter Chartier, in 1749, met up with Pierre Joseph Celeron De Blainville at the Forks of the Ohio (Pittsburgh). http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Ohio_Indian_Wars?rec=527 The Mingo were not pleased with this breach of contract.

1749AD. In that same year, George Mercer petitioned King George for land in the Ohio country, and in 1749, the British Crown granted the Company 500,000 acres in the Ohio Valley between the Kanawha River and the Monongahela. The grant was in two parts: the first 200,000 acres were promised, and the following 300,000 acres were to be granted if the Ohio Company successfully settled one hundred families within seven years. Furthermore, the Ohio Company was required to construct a fort and provide a garrison to protect the settlement at their own expense. But the land grant was rent and tax free for ten years to facilitate settlement.

1749AD. The Girtys move to Sherman's Creek. There were four of the Girty sons—Thomas, Simon, James and George. Then later, there was a half brother, John Turner. In 1749 the family removed to Sherman's Creek, in Perry County, along with a number of other settlers, to engage in farming. But the Indians regarded this as an unauthorized encroachment upon their lands, and they protested to the government. Evidently this protest was accounted well-grounded, for the authorities forcibly expelled the settlers and burned the houses they had built.

1749. Pierre Joseph de Celeron de Bienville leads his famous Lead Plate Expedition, where Celeron went around planting lead plates at major intersections of Rivers, in order to solidify's France's claim to Iroquois, Shawnee, Mosopelea, Wyandot, Yuchi, Cherokee, Chickasaw, etc. lands. The Mingo demanded to know by what right the French were claiming Iroquois land. Pierre Joseph Celeron's expedition goes out of Canada, down the Ohio River, but does not make it as far as Big Bone Lick, turning around at the mouth of the Big Miami River.

1750s

1750. Thomas Walker, a Loyal Land Company investor, and an agent of the British crown, explores Kentucky through Cumberland Gap, and around Southeastern Kentucky. In 1750, Dr. Thomas Walker with five companions, made a famous exploration through the Cumberland Gap and into eastern Kentucky. The Loyal Land Company settled people in southwest Virginia, but not Kentucky. Thomas Walker renamed the Shawnee River, the “Cumberland” River, named in honor of one of England's greatest butchers of Irish peoples. The Duke of Cumberland was even more genocidal to the native Irish than Saint Patrick, or the Plug Uglies, but most Kentuckians do not know that, and do not care. Thomas Walker. Chris Gist. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hxXUlwlHROI

1750AD. At the onset of the French and Indian War in 1750, Cherokee, Delaware, Shawnee, and Wyandot leaders seeking inter-tribal peace traveled back and forth through Kentucky on the Great Warrior Road in route to council meetings with representatives of the Six Nations. While the Cherokee were granted permission from the Six Nations to return to their land north of the Cumberland River, it was a political exchange for their partisan position against the French and all villages sympathetic to French traders. As part of the peace agreement, Shawnee families began to spend winters with the Cherokee, and warriors began to spend time with the Shawnee.

1750AD. Pine Mountain Range that later became identified as Letcher County. This Portion of the “Dark and Bloody” ground was a natural haven for rare species of plants and animals and indigenous ecosystems found no other place on earth. Rare beauty and diverse splendor abounded around every rock and crevice. Black Bear, deer, elk, and buffalo, roamed wild and free throughout these eastern woodlands. These Buffalo trails became known as the Warrior’s Pathway, which led to the best hunting grounds and trout fishing in the region. Three of the state’s major rivers-the Cumberland, the North Fork of the Kentucky, and the Levisa Fork of the Big Sandy- all have headwaters in the county. Scout and surveyor for George Washington, Christopher Gist, first entered Kentucky in 1750. Early historians say that Captain Christopher Gist crossed Pine Mountain by way of Pound Gap, camped near the present town of Pound and again on Indian Creek. On Indian Creek, he was supposed to have camped three days with Indians whose tribal name was Crane CRANE. Gist, first mapped out the region and identified the natural doorway of Pound Gap and paved the way westward for other adventurers like Daniel Boone who followed.

1750. “In 1750, a force of Frenchmen and Indians from the north attacked a Shawnee village, killing a warrior and taking three captives. The Shawnees pursued the raiders and captured five Frenchmen and several Indians. Instead of bowing to French pressure, the Shawnees sent a message to the governor of Pennsylvania declaring they would “not suffer ourselves to be insulted any more.” They asked the English to support them in striking the French and show “that you don't speak for nothing.” (Calloway,  pg. 24-25).

1750. September–1752. March. AD. “The company dispatched Christopher Gist on two journeys to survey lands as far down as the falls of the Ohio (Louisville). The Indians knew what he was up to. They asked him where their land was supposed to be, since “the French claimed all the Land on one Side the River Ohio & the English on the other Side.” (Calloway, pg. 23-24).

1750 or 1751. Simon Girty's father, “Simon Girty”, an Irish immigrant and an Indian Trader, was killed in a duel in 1750. Or maybe Simon Girty's father was killed in 1751 in a drunken frolic by an Indian called “The Fish” in Chamber Mills, over a land dispute. There's conflicting reports of the slaying of Simon Girty's biological father. Either way, Simon Girty's father, Simon 1.0, was murdered, and that left the 3 boys, James, George, and Simon, orphaned bastards, living with a widow.

1750AD. The community known as Shannoah (Lower Shawneetown) on the Ohio River reached a population of around 1,200 by 1750. Some independent Iroquois bands from various tribes also migrated westward, where they became known in Ohio as the Mingo. These three tribes—the Shawnee, the Delaware, and the Mingo— became closely associated with one another, despite the differences in their languages. The first two were Algonquian speaking, and the third Iroquoian.

1750AD. The Wyandot and Shawnee to travel to the Cherokee country on the Great Warrior Road and a number of Shawnee families spend the winter with the Cherokee.

1750-51. Shannoah. “Migrating served several purposes for the Shawnees. It was a way to escape the influence of the Iroquois, who, when dealing with the British, claimed to speak for and dominate the Shawnees, Delawares, and other tribes on the basis of having “conquered” them in the seventeenth century. It was also a way to move away from the abuses of rum traders who got Indians drunk and swindled them out of their furs. Shawnee leaders protested, and on occasion even staved in kegs of rum in their villages, but Pennsylvania failed to pass legislation with any teeth.” … Shawnees moved so often and dispersed so widely that they sometimes seemed like a people without a homeland of their own. By the second half of the eighteenth century (1700s), however, although some Shawnee bands remained in Virginia, Alabama, and Kentucky, the Ohio Valley was once again the core of Shawnee life and culture. Shawnee migrants established a major village on the Ohio, near the mouth of the Scioto River. It became known as Lower Shawnee Town. Surveyor Christopher Gist, who was in the Ohio Valley in 1750-51, described it as a community of 300 men, indicating a total population of about 1,200 (unless by “men” he meant warriors, in which case 1,500 would be a more likely figure). The town comprised 140 houses on both sides of the Ohio River. In the center of the town stood a bark-covered council house about ninety feet long.

1750-1795. “The Shawnee, who struggled with the Kentucky settlers more than any other tribe, probably numbered no more than three or four thousand (3,000 or 4,000) by 1750”(Harrison 10). “The Shawnee probably numbered fewer than 4,000 individuals when the white settlement of Kentucky began”... where they remained a threat “until 1795” (Harrison and Klotter, pg. 11).

1750AD. There are zero documented “white” skinned people living in Kentucky.

1751AD. A delegation of about sixty (60) Cherokee attends a council at Lower Shawnee Town, which is well attended by representatives of the Delaware, Haudenosaunee, and Wyandotte.  The Cherokee delegates make peace with the Wyandot, and request permission from the Haudenosaunee to hunt in the land north of the Cumberland, and 1,400 of their warriors are given protection in Lower Shawnee Town within the next two months.

1751AD. British colonist Christopher Gist, George Washington's right hand man, explored areas along the Ohio River. 1751. Explorer Christopher Gist in 1751 reported a considerable settlement of about 300 men living in some forty houses on the Kentucky side of the Ohio (in Shannoah aka Lower Shawnee Town (at the confluence on the Scioto and Ohio, with a small portion on the Kentucky side), and one hundred houses on the north side. 1751. Christopher Gist, George Washington's head stooge, explores the Ohio River.

1752. Treaty of Logstown is made between the Delaware, Shawnee and Great Britain. 1752. The organizers signed a treaty of friendship and permission at Logstown with the main tribes in the region in 1752 . A rival group of land speculators from British Virginia, the Loyal Company of Virginia, was organized about the same time, and included influential Virginians such as Thomas Walker and Peter Jefferson (father of Thomas Jefferson) of British Virginia.

            Tutelo is the language of the Souix. The last fluent speaker died in the 1990's, and few Tutelos remember anything of the old language today. However, some Tutelo people are trying to revive their ancestral language for cultural purposes. The Saponi language has been extinct much longer, but it is thought to have been a dialect of Tutelo, both from the similarity in vocabulary and from historical accounts indicating that people from the two tribes could understand each other without an interpreter. The main difference is that the Saponi dialect appears to have borrowed a number of vocabulary words from southern Algonquian languages like Powhatan and a few from African languages (the Saponi Indians were known for sheltering African slaves).

1752. Eskippakithiki is a Shawnee word meaning “blue lick place”. The village was favorably located near present-day Winchester on a hill above Lulbegrud Creek. The site was, as the name implies, near a salt lick, which attracted large numbers of deer. It was also situated along the Great Warriors Path, the major trail leading from villages in Ohio to the Cumberland River and on to the South. Besides Beckner's interpretation, there are many other theories about the origin of this village, but there was apparently no white contact there until 1752. ESKIPPAKITHIKI. “Some of the Shawnee bands may not have moved farther away than what is today the eastern part of Kentucky. Kentucky historian Lucien Beckner suggests that the village of Eskippakithiki, in Clark County, Kentucky, may have been originally settled by a party of those fleeing from the Cumberland River. This may have been the group situated on the Apalachicola River in 1707 who moved north settling first at present-day Nashville and driven from there to Eskippakithiki by 1718. According to Beckner, it was originally built by a group belonging to the Piqua division, and he believes this to be the village listed in the 1736 French census as containing some two hundred men. It is almost certain that Eskippakithiki was the home of Black Hoof, aka Cathecassa.

1752. John Finley was invited by the Shawnee to build a house at Eskippakithiki, but he was forced to flee in 1753 when some French Indians attacked a group of Virginia traders at the village. The village was abandoned in 1754 after the fall of Fort Necessity, and the inhabitants apparently joined the Shawnee in Ohio, though some may have joined the Cherokee in eastern Tennessee.

1752. Peter Chartier returns to Kentucky.

1752. JOHN PATON found Shawnee Chief Kakowatchiky bedridden at Logstown in 1752. KAKOWATCHIKY. Kakowatchiky, a respected elder chief of the Shawnee, explained to the Moravian missionaries of Pennsylvania that the Shawnee “believed in God, who had created both the Indian and the white man. But... after what he had seen of white men on the frontier, he preferred Indians ways and beliefs; for... the white man prayed with words while the Indian prayed in his heart.”

1752AD. George Rogers Clark, white terrorist, and brother of William Clark, of “Lewis and Clark”, is born.

1752AD. In 1752 Christopher Gist’s Journals recorded that “the Shawnees have a large cornfield where the corn stands ungathered.” This cornfield site in due course of time became part of Hopewell Township. Its present site embraces the location of the former Jones and Laughlin Tube Mill.

1752AD. Eel River. Indiana. Little Turtle, a future Miami war chieftain, was born in 1752 in a village along the Eel River near what is Ft. Wayne. Accounts spell his name in different ways-Michikinikwa and Mishekunnoghwuah are two versions. Little Turtle's father was a Miami MIAMI but his mother was MAHICAN Mahican. According to the custom of the time, Little Turtle considered was considered a Mahican, but his leadership ability prompted the Miami to make him a chief. Little Turtle, or Michikinikwa (in Miami-Illinois) (1752-July 14, 1812), was a chief of the Miami people, and one of the most famous Native American military leaders of his time. He led his followers in several major victories against United States forces in the 1790s during the Northwest Indian Wars, also called Little Turtle's War. In 1791, they defeated General St. Clair, who lost 600 men, the most decisive loss by the US against Native American forces ever. In historic records, his name was spelled in a variety of ways, including Michikinikwa, Meshekunnoghquoh, Michikinakoua, Michikiniqua, Me-She-Kin-No, Meshecunnaquan and Mischecanocquah. MICHIKINAKOUA!

1752AD. Charles Le Moyne the 3^rd, Baron de Longueuil the 2^nd, briefly served as Governor of New France following the death of Governor Jonquiere.

1752. June. AD. a Battle. The French, Ojibwe, and Ottawa attack British trading post and a Miami village. In desperation, the French decided to use force, but the Detroit tribes were friendly with Ohio and Kentucky tribes, and they were reluctant to attack them. In June, 1752 the Mtis, Charles Langlade, recruited a war party of 250 Ojibwe and Ottawa from Michilimackinac which destroyed the Miami village and British trading post at Piqua, Ohio. Stunned, their allies quickly rejoined the alliance, and the French followed their success with an attempt to block British access to Ohio with a line of new forts across western Pennsylvania. The Shawnee and Delaware had no wish to be controlled by the French, and asked the Iroquois League to stop this. The Iroquois turned to the British, and in 1752 signed the Logstown Treaty confirming their land cessions in 1744, and giving the British permission to build a blockhouse at the forks of the Ohio (Pittsburgh). The French destroyed this before it was even completed and proceeded to build Fort Duquesne at the same location. British Virginia sent British Major George Washington to demand the French abandon their forts and stop building new ones. His first visit in 1753 met with a polite refusal from the French commander, but his second expedition in 1754 resulted in a fight with French soldiers and started the French and Indian War (1754-63).

1753AD. A flood destroys Shannoah, driving Shannoah's inhabitants across the Scioto to the higher ground on which Portsmouth was afterwards built.

1753. George Washington, in 1753, met Tanacharison, the Half-King of the Six Nations, at Logstown, a settlement along the Ohio River only a few miles west of the fork. The Mingos were an independent group in the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy and were mostly made up of SENECAS Senecas and Cayugas CAYUGAS. The name “Mingo” derives from the Delaware Indian “mingwe”, meaning treacherous. The Mingos (such as Plucky, aka Plucky-me-no-tee; Talgahyeetah, aka Johnny Logan of Yellow Creek) were noted for having a bad reputation, and were sometimes referred to as Blue Mingos or Black Mingos for their misdeeds. The people who became known as Mingos migrated to the Ohio Country in the mid-eighteenth century, part of a movement of various Native American tribes to a region that had been sparsely populated for decades but controlled as a hunting ground by the Iroquois.These independant Iroquois bands were found scattered throughout Western Pennsylvania and Ohio.In 1753, well-known town destroyer and white terrorist George Washington found SHINGAS Shingas, the war chief and ceremonial King of the Delaware, near McKee’s Rocks.

1753AD. December. British Redcoat Virginia Colonial Lieutenant Colonel George Washington was sent by British Redcoat Imperialist Governor Dinwiddie to travel from Williamsburg to Fort LeBeouf in the Ohio Territory (near Waterford, in northwest Pennsylvania, a territory claimed by several of the British colonies, including Virginia) as an emissary in December of 1753, to deliver a letter. Saint-Pierre politely informed British George Washington that he was there pursuant to orders, and Washington's letter should have been addressed to his commanding officer in Canada. Washington returned to Williamsburg, and informed British Governor Dinwiddie that the French refused to leave. Dinwiddie ordered George Washington to begin raising a militia regiment to hold the Forks of the Ohio, a site Washington had identified as a fine location for a fortress. The governor also issued a captain's commission to Ohio Company employee William Trent, with instructions to raise a small force and immediately begin construction of a fortification on the Ohio.

1753AD. A delegation of Cherokee leaders goes to Lower Shawnee Town SHANNOAH to council for inter-tribal peace. PEACE

1753 — 1755. Mary Newton, Simon Girty's mother, married John Turner, who had been a boarder in the family. John Turner took his crew, his new family back to the Sherman's Creek Valley in 1755, and here all fell into the hands of Indians when the latter captured and destroyed Fort Granville there on the Juniata.

1753. January 28. AD. John Findley/Finley at Eskippikithiki, a well-known French trading town with the native Shawnee. Daniel Boone's buddy, John Findley/Finley, visited Eskippakithiki, the last established Shawnee village to maintain in their Kentucky homeland, in 1752. John Finley would be the one who escorts Danny Boone to Kentucky (1769), and showed him the vast flatlands, near where Eskippakithiki used to be established. John Findley/Finley lived in Eskippakithiki, and was a trader, a business man, there. John Findley claims that he was attacked by a party of 70 Christian Conewago and Ottawa Indians, a white French Canadian, and a white renegade Dutchman named Philip Philips, all from the St. Lawrence River, upon a scalping hunting expedition against the Southern Indians, on January 28, 1753, along the Warrior's Path, twenty five miles south of Eskippakithiki, near the head of Station Camp Creek in Captain James Estill County (Beckner). The 7 Pennsylvanian white traders rolling with John Findley/Finley's crew, consisted of James Lowry, David Hendricks, Alexander McGinty, Jabez Evans, Jacob Evans, William Powell, Thomas Hyde, and their Cherokee servant. The white Pennsylvania traders traded shots with the 70 Christian Indians, and the 70 Christian Indians (along with Philip Philips), who took the white Pennsylvanians prisoner, escorted them to Canada, and shipped some of them off to France, as prisoners of war. John Findley fled, and the next time a white person went to Eskippathiki, it was burnt down to the ground. So these 70 Christian Indians, the Iroquois, with Dutchman Philip Philips, and a white Canadian, could be the party responsible for the destruction of Eskippathiki, or this story was made up by John Findley, to cover up his crimes of murdering an entire village of people, stealing their stuff, and then showing Daniel Boone the flat spot for him to get the whites to set-up shop with their one-room cabins. Or maybe something else happened. Some other scorched earth policy of terrorism by some other white genocidal Anglo-Saxon Christian Protestant fascist totalitarian piece of shit Nazis.

1753AD. The Shawnee on the Scioto River in the Ohio country sent messengers to those still in the Shenandoah Valley to leave British Virginia and cross the Alleghenies to join them, which they did the following year.

1753-1754. South Carolina. The Pride, a Shawnee war chief, had been captured in South Carolina during a raid against the Catawba. After he died in a BRITISH prison, his grieving relatives retaliated in 1754 with raids against the North Carolina frontier. THE PRIDE!  http://westernreservepublicmedia.org/onestate/shawnee.htm http://books.google.com/books?id=7GlBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA427&lpg=PA427&dq=Nererahhe&source=bl&ots=n7Q-DMpLmH&sig=zrl_i8JF0q3JHlkEB2SmT86BgWc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WvXwU7nHEIL-yQTKzoD4DA&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Nererahhe&f=false

1753. April 10. British Redcoat Major William Trent writes the letter that first mentions the word “Kentucky” regarding the attack on John Findley (Finley?). British Major William Trent wrote to British Governor Henry Hamilton, the hair buyer: “I have received a letter just now from Mr. Croghan wherein he acquaints me that fifty odd Ottowas, Conewagoes, one Dutchman and one of the Six Nations that was their Captain met with some of our people at a place called KENTUCKY, on this side Allegheny river, about one hundred and fifty (150) miles from the lower Shawanese town. They took eight (8) prisoners, five (5) belonging to Mr. Croghan and me, and the others to Lowry. They took three or four hundred (300 or 400) pounds worth of goods from us. One (1) of them made his escape after he had been a prisoner three days. Three of John Findley's men are killed by the Little Pict Town and no account of himself. They robbed Michael Teaff's people near the Lakes; there was one FRENCHMAN in Company. The Owendats secured his People and five horse load of skin. Mr. Croghan is coming thro' the woods with some Indians and whites and the rest of the white men and the Indians are coming up the river in a body, though 'tis a question whether they escape, as three hundred Ottawas were expected at the lower Town every day and another party of French and Indians coming down the river.” … “The Indians are in such confusion that there is no knowing who to trust. I expect they will all join the French, except the Delawares, as they expect no assistance from the English. The Low Dutchman's name that was with the party that robbed our people is Philip Philips. His mother lives near Colonel Johnson. Philip Philips was taken by some French Indians about six years ago, and has lived ever since with them. He intends some time this summer to go and see his mother. If your Honors pleases to acquaint the Governor of New York with it, he may possibly get him secured by keeping it secret, and acquainting Colonel Johnson with it, and ordering him to apprehend him. If the Dutchman once comes to understand it, they will contrive to send him word to keep out of the way. I intend leaving directly for Allegheny with provisions for our People that are coming through the woods and up the river.”

1754AD. Prior to 1754, the Shawnee had a headquarters at Shawnee Springs at modern-day Cross Junction, Virginia near Winchester. The father of the later chief Cornstalk held his court there. Several other Shawnee villages were located in the Shenandoah Valley: at Moorefield, West Virginia, on the North River, and on the Potomac at Cumberland, Maryland.

1754 to 1759. Peter Chartier and his Shawnee warriors were very active in opposition to the British in the French-Indian War. 1754. Peter Chartier and his Shawnee warriors was at the murder of Captain Jumonville and responsible for the French victory over the complete domination and capitulation of British Redcoat Assassin George Washington at Fort Necessity. George Washington would be known for killing deserters, owning 100s of slaves, and genociding the Iroquois, and many others, in the future. Redcoat George Washington sent out Captain Hog with 75 men to pursue French troops who had threatened to destroy his house and property. However, shortly after Hog left, Washington called together some young Indians and told them that the French had come to kill Tanacharison, and the Indians also left to pursue the French. That evening, Washington received a message from Tanacharison, who said he had found the French encampment. Washington decided to attack himself and brought 40 soldiers with him towards Tanacharison's camp. That morning, they met with Tanacharison's 12 Indian warriors, and Washington and Tanacharison agreed to attack the encampment. Washington ambushed the French, killing 10 to 12, wounding 2 and capturing 21. Among the dead was Jumonville; the exact manner of his death is uncertain, but by several accounts Tanacharison executed Jumonville in cold blood, crushing his head with a tomahawk and washing his hands in Jumonville's brains. One account, reported by an Indian to Contrecœur, claimed that Jumonville was killed by Half King while the summons was being read.

1754AD. During the French and Indian War, between 1754 and 1763, blockades cut off salt shipments from the West Indies. Salt springs and licks in Kentucky became an important resource to the colonists.  Shawnee made salt at Big Bone Lick in Boone County and Blue Licks in Nicholas County in the north. The Cherokee made salt and buried their dead along Goose Creek near the mouth of Collin’s Creek in Clay County.  The abundance of salt in Kentucky, north and south did not escape the eyes of the Europeans and later became an issue of national security.

1754. March 12. John Scott, a “free Negro” of Berkely County, South Carolina filed an affidavit notifying authorities in Orange County, North Carolina that: “Joseph Deevit, William Deevit, and Zachariah Martin entered by force the house of his daughter, Amy Hawley, and carried her off by force with her six children, and he thinks they are taking them north to sell as slaves.” These three cases among many illustrate how that by 1750, free blacks, mulattos and mixed Melungeons lived in constant danger of illegal abduction and loss of liberty during the long night of American slavery. A single drop of African blood could land a free Melungeon in court, fighting false charges that he or she was a runaway slave. Travel abroad was even riskier than remaining in their vulnerable communities. Melungeons quickly learned to move in large groups from county to county to escape opportunistic man-stealers.

1754. “Eskippakithiki, the Shawnee settlement in Clark County, was abandoned in 1754. This was the most famous of the Kentucky Indian settlements and, except for a small settlement near Limestone, Kentucky, across from the Scioto River, the only one whose exact location is known.” Native Americans didn't have the energy and capacity to only use Kentucky as hunting grounds. Native Kentuckians lived where they walked. The native Americans didn't attack European White Anglo-Saxon Protestant Imperializing colonialists from other states, and then swiftly, went back to their homelands, out in Montana. Also, the Shawnees didn't attack those who didn't attack them first. It makes no sense that in a state with plethora of prehistoric village sites would have been avoided by the historic Shawnee.

            “The Shawnee were nomadic at least part of the year, when they moved their small family settlements in pursuit of game. They considered the land free to be used by any Indian group who had need of it. In the summer they settled in rather large villages, where they raised crops of corn, beans, and squash. Smaller family bands moved regularly in the winter, and established rather impermanent settlements as they hunted deer, bison, and other meat- and hide-producing animals. Though Kentucky was a favored hunting area for the Shawnee, the lack of permanent year-round villages may have given the false impression that the region was not occupied by Shawnee.” (Jerry Clark).

1754. May. The 1754 Albany Conference. Throughout the summer of 1754 the Shawnee, Delaware and Mingo stood ready to join the British against the French, but this changed in the fall when it was learned the Iroquois had ceded Ohio to the British during the “Albany Conference” in May 1754. The Ohio tribes not only lost confidence in the Iroquois but decided the British were also enemies who wanted to take their land. However, they stopped well-short of allying with the French, and refused to help them supply or defend their forts. The French were finally forced to assemble a force of 300 French Canadians and 600 allies from the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes tribes to defend Fort Duquesne against the British, but this would include only four (4) Shawnee tribes, and no Delaware tribes.

1754. It is not far from here {somewhere in the vicinity of Winyah Bay and the Pedee River.} that in 1754 there were reported to be 50 families a 'mixt crew' that were listed as “not Indians”. Whoever these people were there is very strong evidence they were the people who would later be called Redbones, Lumbees, Melungeons etc. It is *not* speculation, but indeed fact, that the families named in the court records in 1874 as Melungeons were living on this land in 1754.

1754AD. There may have been several of these slaves left behind, there may have been a dozen or they might just as likely been the majority of them left to live among these South Carolina tribes in which case many of these Native tribes would be carrying the DNA of these early settlers for two hundred years before they mixed with the Portuguese Adventurers found living on Drowning Creek in 1754.

1754. February. AD. British Redcoat Dinwiddie issued these instructions on his own authority, without even asking for funding from the Virginia House of Burgesses until after the fact.Trent's company arrived on site in February 1754, and began construction of a storehouse and stockade with the assistance of Tanacharison and the Mingos. In response, the Canadians sent a force of about 500 men, Canadian, French, and Indians under Claude-Pierre Pécaudy de Contrecœur (rumors reaching Trent's men put its size at 1,000).

1754. April 16. AD. They arrived at the forks; the next day, British Redcoat William Trent's force of 36 men, led by Ensign Edward Ward in Trent's absence, agreed to leave the site. The Canadians tore down the British works, and began construction of the fort they called Fort Duquesne.

1755. July 9. Battle of the Wilderness aka Battle of Monongahela. On July 9 a force of about 1300 British soldiers under the command of General Edward Braddock had been decisively defeated by French troops and Shawnees SHAWNEES! at the Battle of the Monongahela, which encouraged further violence against settlers in the region. The Battle of the Monongahela, also known as the Battle of the Wilderness, took place on 9 July 1755, at the beginning of the French and Indian War, at Braddock's Field in what is now Braddock, Pennsylvania, 10 miles (16km) east of Pittsburgh. A British force under General Edward Braddock, moving to take Fort Duquesne, was defeated by a force ofFrench and Canadian troops under Captain Daniel Liénard de Beaujeu with its Native American allies. The defeat marked the end of the Braddock expedition, by which the British had hoped to capture Fort Duquesne and gain control of the strategic Ohio Country. Braddock was mortally wounded in the battle and died during the retreat near present day Uniontown, Pennsylvania. The remainder of the column retreated south-eastwards and the fort, and region, remained in French hands until its capture in 1758. Finally, after three hours of intense combat, Braddock was shot in the lung by Thomas Fausett and effective resistance collapsed. He fell from his horse, badly wounded, and was carried back to safety by his men. As a result of Braddock's wounding, and without an order being given, the British began to withdraw. They did so largely with order, until they reached the Monongahela River, when they were set upon by the Indian warriors. The Indians attacked with hatchets and scalping knives, after which panic spread among the British troops and they began to break ranks and run, believing they were about to be massacred. British Redcoat Colonel Washington, although he had no official position in the chain of command, was able to impose and maintain some order, and formed a rear guard, which allowed the remnants of the force to disengage. By sunset, the surviving British forces were fleeing back down the road they had built, carrying their wounded. Behind them on the road, bodies were piled high. The Indians did not pursue the fleeing redcoats, but instead set about scalping and looting the corpses of the wounded and dead, and drinking two hundred gallons of captured rum. Of the approximately 1,300 men Braddock led into battle, 456 were killed outright and 422 were wounded. Commissioned officers were prime targets and suffered greatly: out of 86 officers, 26 were killed and 37 wounded. Of the 50 or so women that accompanied the British column as maids and cooks, only 4 returned with the British; about half were taken as captives. The French and Canadians reported very few casualties. Braddock died of his wounds on July 13, four days after the battle, and was buried on the road near Fort Necessity. British Colonel Thomas Dunbar, with the reserves and rear supply units, took command when the survivors reached his position. Realizing there was no further likelihood of his force proceeding to capture Fort Duquesne, he decided to retreat. He ordered the destruction of supplies and cannon before withdrawing, burning about 150 wagons on the spot. His forces retreated back toward British Philadelphia. The French did not pursue, realizing that they did not have sufficient resources for an organized pursuit.

1755. July 30. Mary Ingles, First White Woman in Kentucky, Kidnapped by Shawnee. A group of Shawnee (then allies of the French) entered the sparsely populated camp virtually unimpeded and killed at least five people and wounded at least one person and burned the settlement. Among the victims were Colonel James Patton, a neighbor (Caspar Barger), and two people in Mary Draper Ingles' family: her mother (Elenor Draper), and the baby of her sister-in-law (Bettie Robertson Draper), who (the baby) was killed by dashing its head against the wall of a cabin. Other children in the settlement may have been killed in a similar way. Colonel William Preston (Colonel Patton's nephew) and John Draper (Bettie Draper's husband, Mary's brother) were not at the settlement at the time of the attack, as they were working on the field, and survived. William Ingles (Mary's husband) was attacked and nearly killed but managed to flee into the forest. One of the victims, Barger, was described as an old man and was decapitated by the Indians; they delivered his head in a bag to a neighbor, explaining that an acquaintance had arrived to visit. Five (or possibly six) settlers were captured and taken back to Kentucky as captives to live among the tribe, including Mary Draper Ingles and her two sons, Thomas (4) and George (2). Mary escaped at Big Bone, Kentucky, without her children, and made a journey of more than eight hundred miles (1300 km) across the Appalachian Mountains back to Draper's Meadow.Some sources state that Mary was pregnant when captured and gave birth to her daughter in captivity, and that she abandoned her baby when she decided to escape. The Shawnees killed British Colonel James Patton. Mary Ingles and her two young sons were among several captives taken by Shawnee warriors after the Draper's Meadow Massacre during the French and Indian War. They were taken to Lower Shawneetown (Shannoah) at the Ohio and Scioto Rivers. Mary Ingles escaped with another woman, who was either Dutch or German, and after two and a half months, making a trek of 500–600 miles through the frontier, crossing numerous rivers and creeks, and over the Appalachian Mountains, Ingles returned home. The Shawnee (Miami and Delaware; “Shawnee” means “Southerner”) are thought to be possible successors to Fort Ancient. Mary Ingles, the first white person in Kentucky, was abducted by the Shawnee (Harrison and Klotter, pg. 10).  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draper's_Meadow_massacre The original 7,500 acre (30km²) tract that became known as Draper's Meadow was awarded sometime before 1737 by Governor Robert Dinwiddie to Colonel James Patton, an Irish sea captain turned land speculator. This land was bordered by Tom's Creek on the north, Stroubles Creek on the south and the Mississippi watershed (modern-day U.S. Route 460) on the east; it approached the New River on the west. The settlement was situated near the present day campus of Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Virginia. At the time of the attack, the area had been populated by a group of around twenty settlers who were a mix of migrants from Pennsylvania of English and Germanic origin. A marker commemorating the massacre is located near the Duck Pond on the Virginia Tech campus. Rising tensions between the natives and western settlers were exacerbated by fighting in the French and Indian War and the encroachment on tribal hunting grounds. Recent victories by the French over the British, although north of Virginia, had left much of the frontier unprotected. In the summer of 1755 several settlements had been ravaged by the Indians.

1755. Charles le Moyne (1687–1755) the 3^rd, and 2^nd French imperially-titled Baron de Longueuil, the first white man who famously discovered Big Bone Lick, was assassinated during the French and Indian War.

1755. Peter Chartier left this region for the cumberland River in 1755.

1755. Mary Draper Ingles (1732 – February 1815), also known in records as Mary Inglis or Mary English, was an American pioneer and early settler of western Virginia. In summer 1755 she and her two young sons were among several captives taken by Shawnee after the Draper's Meadow Massacre during the French and Indian War. They were taken to Lower Shawneetown at the Ohio and Scioto rivers. Ingles escaped with another woman after two and a half months, making a trek of 500–600 miles through the frontier, crossing numerous rivers and creeks, and over the Appalachian Mountain to return home. The Indians and their captives traveled for a month to Lower Shawneetown, located at the confluence of the Scioto and Ohio rivers. The Shawnee killed James Cull and Henry Leonard during the ritual of running the gauntlet. Mary was separated from her sons, who were adopted by Shawnee families. Some sources suggest that Mary gave birth to a daughter while in captivity although there is evidence to the contrary. As a prisoner, Mary sewed shirts using cloth traded to the Indians by French traders, and was paid in goods for her work.

1755. Although Oka OKA was struck by smallpox in 1748, the Nipissing and Algonkin warriors living there remained loyal to the French cause helping destroy Braddock's army in 1755 at Fort Duquesne and fighting at Lake George in northern New York during 1758.. this last campaign earning them another experience with smallpox.

1755AD. The Cherokee take a partisan position against the French at the request of the Haudenosaunee and establish a village at the mouth of the Kentucky River, a strategic location in attacks against French traders and Americans that are sympathetic to the French. 

1755. October 19. Mary Ingles was taken to the Big Bone salt lick to make salt for the Indians by boiling brine. While working at Big Bone Lick, in late October 1755, Mary persuaded another captive woman, referred to as the “old Dutch woman” but who may have been German, to escape with her. The next day (probably 19 October) they set off, retracing the route that the Indians had taken after they were taken captive. They wore moccasins and carried only a tomahawk and a knife (both of which were eventually lost), and two blankets. As they were leaving the camp, they met three French traders from Detroit who were harvesting walnuts. Mary traded her old dull tomahawk for a new one. They went north, following the Ohio River as it curves to the east (see map). Expecting pursuit, they tried to hurry at first. As it turned out, the Shawnee made only a brief search, assuming that the two women had been carried off by wild animals. The Shawnee told this account to Mary’s son Thomas Ingles when he met some of them many years later after the Battle of Point Pleasant (1774).

After four or five days the women reached the junction of the Ohio with the Licking River, near the present-day location of Cincinnati. There they found an abandoned cabin, which contained a supply of corn, and an old horse stood in the back yard. They took the horse to carry the corn, but he was lost in the river when they tried to take him across what was probably Dutchman’s Ripple. They followed the Ohio, Kanawha, and New Rivers, crossing the Licking, Big Sandy, Little Sandy Rivers, Twelvepole Creek, the Guyandotte and Coal Rivers, Paint Creek, and theBluestone River. During their journey, they crossed at least 145 creeks and rivers—remarkable as neither woman could swim. On at least one occasion they “tied logs together with a grape-vine [and] made a raft” to cross a major river. They may have traveled as much as five to six hundred miles, averaging between eleven and twenty-one miles a day. Once the corn ran out, they subsisted on black walnuts, wild grapes, pawpaws, Sassafras leaves, blackberries and frogs but, as the weather grew cold, they were forced to eat dead animals that they found along the way. On several occasions they saw Indians hunting, and each time managed to avoid being seen. At some point during the journey, the old Dutch woman became “very disheartened and discouraged” and tried to kill Mary. (Letitia Preston Floyd's account states that the two women drew lots to decide "which of them was to be eaten by the other.") Mary managed to “keep her in a good humor”, and soon afterward they reached the mouth of the Kanawha River.

1755. By the time Simon Girty was fourteen (14) his family had moved to Sherman's Creek in eastern Pennsylvania. During the French and Indian War, the Girtys, fearful of attack, sought refuge in Fort Granville. In 1755, a combined army of French soldiers and their native allies captured the fort, taking several British colonists captive including Simon Girty. He was first taken to Kittanning, a town belonging to the Delaware natives, but he eventually found himself in the hands of the Seneca natives who took him to the Ohio Country. There, he was adopted into the Seneca tribe. Girty seemed to enjoy his new surroundings, spending his late teens learning the language and customs of the Senecas.

1755. July. British Redcoat General Edward Braddock met disaster when his 2,200-man army was ambushed just before reaching Fort Duquesne. Half the command was killed (including Braddock himself) and when the news reached the colonies, disbelief was followed by a violent anger towards all Native Americans. Although the Shawnee and Delaware had not participated in the battle, they chose a very poor moment to send a peaceful diplomatic delegation to Philadelphia to protest the Iroquois cession of Ohio. Pennsylvania hanged them, and the Shawnee and Delaware went to war against the British, not for the French, but for themselves. In 1755 war parties struck the frontiers in Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Maryland in a wave of death and destruction that killed 2,500 colonists during the next two years.

1755. November 26. But, shortly after they reached the New River, the old Dutch woman made a second attempt on Mary’s life, probably on 26 November.

1755AD. The Shawnees were estimated to number 300 warriors, or about 1,300 souls (including families).

1756AD. British Virginia governor Robert Dinwiddie dispatched “Major Andrew Lewis and about 340 men, including several score Cherokee warriors, against the Shawnee” (Harrison 17). Also in 1756, the Cumberland Shawnee was attacked by the Chickasaw, so many removed to Ohio. 1756AD. At the time of their arrivals in Alabama, Peter Chartier's Shawnee group numbered 450, but when they were driven from the vicinity of Nashville by the Chickasaw in 1756, their number totaled only about 270; a portion of the group stayed in Alabama.

1,756 AD. The Burning of John Turner at the Stake. Aftermath, Turner's stepsons are split up amongst the native Americans. Thomas Girty, the eldest son, is nearly immediately rescued. The other 3 brothers, James, George, and Simon were distributed, and adopted by different factions of native American tribes. James Girty was adopted into a Shawnee tribe. George Girty was adopted into a Delaware tribe. Simon Girty was taken by western Senecas to a village near Lake Erie’s east shore, where he was adopted into the Iroquois League, and trained as an interpreter. During the French and Indian War, Simon, his three brothers, his half-brother, his mother and his step-father were taken by French-led Shawnee and Delaware forces who captured Fort Granville. Following the capture of the entire Girty family by Indians during the French & Indian War in America, his step-father, John Turner, was burned at the stake before Simon's eyes in 1756 at the Delaware village of Kittanning. All were brought over the mountains to Kittanning. The Indians recognized John Turner as one who had injured their race, so in retaliation they sacrificed him at the stake. Gordon's “History of Pennsylvania” says they tied him to a blackened post, made a great fire, danced around him, heated gun barrels red hot and run them through his body, and after three hours of such torture scalped him alive. Then a native American revolutionary held up to him a boy who gave him the finishing stroke with a tomahawk. A month later, English militia under the command of William Armstrong attacked Kittanning, and Thomas Girty, the eldest of the Girty brothers was liberated. Thomas had been a captive for only 40 days. The rest of the family remained in Indian hands and was separated and given to different tribes. James Girty was adopted into a Shawnee tribe. George Girty was adopted into a Delaware tribe. Simon Girty was taken by western Senecas to a village near Lake Erie’s east shore, where he was adopted into the Democratic Iroquois League Confederacy, and trained as an interpreter.

1756-1764. Simon Girty spent the next eight (8) years living with a western Seneca tribe in the Ohio Country, near Lake Erie's east shore, during the bulk of the French, British, and Indian war. Simon Girty had become fully assimilated with the Seneca and preferred their way of life. He proved adept at learning different native languages and dialects, and became skilled as an orator. This facility, together with his ability to quickly memorize speeches, would serve him well in his later work as an interpreter and guide first for the American colonists and as an agent for the British Indian Department, and as an independent rogue anti-Imperialist pro-Indian renegade cowboy.

1757AD. There were still Shawnee in the ABIHKA Abihka country in 1757.

1758. Peter Chartier in Ohio. He was last seen in a village on the Wabash River. http://archaeologica.boardbot.com/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=3289

1758. Lower Shawnee Town was a key center in dealings with other tribes and with Europeans before it was abandoned in 1758, at which point most of the inhabitants established the town of Chillicothe farther up the Scioto. Other Shawnee bands settled on lands in Ohio set aside for them by the Wyandots, just as Shawnees had previously settled on lands provided by Creeks and Delawares.” (Calloway, pg. 14). “Like their neighbors, the Shawnee inhabited semipermanent villages, moved with the seasons, and practiced a mixed economy. Women planted corn, beans, and squash in the spring and harvested the crops in the fall. They held Bread Dances in the spring and fall, to ask and give thanks for a bountiful harvest and hunting season. For several days in August they marked the first harvest with a Green Corn Ceremony, probably adopted from the Creeks. Women supplemented the diet by gathering herbs, roots, berries, and various wild plants and nuts. After the crops were gathered in, families dispersed to hunt. They often crossed the Ohio River for extended hunting trips, sometimes two or three months long, in Kentucky. The men hunted deer, elk, bears, turkeys, and buffalo. In the winter, when the animals' pelts were thickest, they hunted for the fur trade. During late winter and early spring, people reassembled in the villages, tapped the sap from maple trees, and boiled it into sugar. The men assisted in clearing the fields for planting, and the annual cycle began again.” … “Shawnee social structure was loose and flexible, revolving around kinship and bands. It was a society that could accommodate movement, separation, and reassembling without falling apart. Likewise, Shawnee dwellings were easily dismantled and rebuilt, as suited a people who moved regularly. Family wigwams were constructed of wooden poles covered with sheets of bark. Thomas Wildcat Alford, a nineteenth-century Shawnee, said a dexterous Shawnee woman could build one “easily and quickly”. The council houses built in the larger towns for political and ceremonial functions were much more substantial. Shaker missionaries described one they visited in 1807 as an “immense building,” 150 feet long and 34 feet wide, raised on rows of large hewed posts and with four doors.” Calloway, pg. 15.

1758. Although OKA Oka was struck by smallpox in 1748, the Nipissing and Algonkin warriors living there remained loyal to the French cause helping destroy Braddock's army in 1755 at Fort Duquesne and fighting at Lake George in northern New York during 1758... this last campaign earning them another experience with smallpox.

1758. Shannoah is abandoned. The Indians living there moved to the upper Scioto and the Little Miami rivers. When Shannoah was abandoned in 1758, the majority of its inhabitants moved up the Scioto and reestablished their village on the plains four miles below the present city of Circleville. This became known as Chillicothe, one of five villages of that name in Ohio. Two other Chillicothe villages were located further downriver, one at the city in Ross County which still bears that name and another one the north fork of Paint Creek, also in Ross County, Ohio.

1758AD. The Cherokee are considered a viable threat to the Shawnee living on the Ohio River and they move their town northward to a location on the Scioto River.  Shawnee leaders ask the British to build a fort at Lower Shawnee Town to protect them from the Cherokee. Twelve (12) Cherokee warriors are murdered and scalped for bounty by Euroamericans and the Cherokees retaliate by killing upwards of thirty settlers.

1758. Peter Chartier is in Ohio in 1758.

1758AD. After taking part in the first phase of the French and Indian War (also known as "Braddock's War") as allies of the French, the Shawnee switched sides in 1758. They made formal peace with the British colonies at the Treaty of Easton, which recognized the Allegheny Ridge (the Eastern Divide) as their mutual border.

1758. New Jersey Legislature forms 1st Indian reservation.

1758-1763. The 5 Year English-Shawnee Peace. This peace lasted only until Pontiac's War erupted.

1758. General John Forbes captures a major French outpost in the Ohio Country: Fort Duquesne.

1758. As a further indication of the early Ohio connection, in 1758 when Chief Paxinosa was asked where he and his family were going when they left Pennsylvania, he replied: “To my land at the Ohio, where I was born.”

1758. December 2. The Munsee under sachem and head war chief known as Chief Hopocan and as Captain Pipe raided the middle and western part of Pennsylvania into Ohio and the Erie territory. The scalp price for these chiefs was $350 and Chief Shingas the Terrible's scalp was worth $500. The Shawnee followed under Kakowatchiky to Ohio and sided with no one and the Pa. Shawnee sided with the British under Chief Paxinosa. Thus was the end of the Iroquois Great Peace among the Nations of Brothers. “Originally, the old trail probably remained on the first terrace continuing along the Ohio River, but after Chief Kakowatchiky settled his Shawnee Clan at the new Logstown, built on the second terrace about 1744, the trail was probably re-routed up the bank. The Moravian missionary, Christian Frederick Post, wrote on December 2, 1758, while traveling from Sawkunk, the Indian village at Beaver, to the Forks of the Ohio: “I, with my companion, Ketiuscund's son, came to Logstown situated on a hill. On the east end is a great piece of low land, where the Old Logstown used to stand. In the new Logstown, the French have built about 30 houses for the Indians. They have a large cornfield on the south side where the corn stands ungathered.” It should be remembered that the “French Logstown” was probably built over the ruins of Kakowatchiky's Logstown after it was burned in 1754 by Scarayady, an Oneida Indian loyal to the English. http://www.ohiorivertrail.org/attachments/206_History%20of%20Great%20Trail_Gary%20Winterburn.pdf

1758-1761. The Anglo-Cherokee War (1758–1761). The Cherokee uprising in present-day Tennessee, Virginia and the Carolinas.

1759. Their French allies having yielded to the British, the Senecas signed a peace agreement with the English in 1759, and agreed to return all captives. The natives returned Simon Girty to his mother in Pittsburgh, and he spent the next several years as a struggling farmer. The next decade of his life was spent living among the Seneca of northwestern Pennsylvania. By then, Simon Girty had come to love the Indian way of life, and, at one point, served as bodyguard to Seneca Indian Chief Guyasuta. http://old.post-gazette.com/regionstate/19991229girty4.asp http://www.thefullwiki.org/Simon_Girty He also served as an interpreter for traders seeking furs from the Delaware natives in western Pennsylvania.

1760s

1760AD. Sequoyah, also known as George Gist, is born.

1760AD. 760 British prisoners exchanged, but about half opted to remain with the Shawnee and Delaware.

1760AD. There are zero white paleface imperialist European Anglo-Saxon settlers in Kentucky.

1760s. By 1760, however, it became obvious the French had lost the war. In August of that year, the Seven Nations signed a peace with the British which assured the French loss of their claims in North America.

1760-1799. The settlements along the Tallapoosa appear to have been somewhat permanent. A number of references list Shawnee villages in this vicinity from 1760 to 1799.

1762. Cherokee Chiefs Ostenaco and Cunne Shote (Standing Turkey) meet with King George in Great Britian.      

1762. The Treaty at Lancaster is quickly betrayed by British by building Fort Pitt and a garrison of 200 men.

1762. August. Thomas Hutchins, in his August 1762 Journal entry among the Natives at Fort "Mineamie", reports: "The 20th, The above Indians met, and the Ouiatanon Chief spoke in behalf of his and the Kickaupoo Nations as follows: '"Brother, We are very thankful to Sir William Johnson for sending you to enquire into the State of the Indians. We assure you we are Rendered very miserable at Present on Account of a Severe Sickness that has seiz'd almost all our People, many of which have died lately, and many more likely to Die." Later, Hutchins writes "The 30th, Set out for the Lower Shawneese Town' and arriv'd 8th of September in the afternoon. I could not have a meeting with the Shawneese untill the 12th, as their People were Sick and Dying every day."

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Pitt http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/legal/amherst/lord_jeff.html

1763. By 1763 there were only 20 members (all Christians) of this last identifiable group of the Susquehannock. They were totally peaceful, but atrocities committed by others during the Pontiac Uprising of that year outraged the white settlers in the vicinity who just wanted to kill Indians - any Indians - in revenge. Feeling this way they could have grabbed a rifle and taken to the woods to find the hostiles, but there was an easier target closer at hand. As feelings rose, fourteen Conestoga were arrested and placed in the jail at Lancaster for their own protection. A mob formed (known as the Paxton boys). They proceeded to the village at Conestoga, killed the six Susquehanna they found there, and burned the houses. Then they went to the jail, broke in, took the last fourteen Susquehannock the world would ever see ...and beat them to death!

1763. The Treaty of Paris is negotiated between the Cherokee and Great Britain, proclaiming that no person can create a treaty or buy land with American Indians without their permission.

Following the latter conflict, France retained control of Guadeloupe, Martinique, Marie-Galante, St. Barthélemy, and its portion of St. Martin; all remain part of France today. Guadeloupe (including Marie-Galante and other nearby islands) and Martinique each is an overseas department of France, while St. Barthélemy and St. Martin each became an overseas collectivity of France in 2007. 1754 – 1763. The Seven Years War (French and Indian War) due to disputes over land is won by Great Britain. France gives England all French territory east of the Mississippi River, except New Orleans. The Spanish give up east and west Florida to the English in return for Cuba. Following its defeat in the French and Indian War (part of the Seven Years' War in Europe), France relinquished control of the area of Kentucky to the British crown.

1763. Feburary 10. With the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1763, France gave up all mineral resource and land claims to Kentucky.  In exchange for their help during the war, the British victors proclaimed that Kentucky was to be recognized as Indian Territory, and no person could make a treaty with the Cherokee or buy land from them without their permission.  While the treaty of 1763 allowed the Cherokee to retain all of their land in Kentucky, their possession was short-lived. 1763. France cedes all of their North American land, including Kentucky, to Britain in the 1763 Treaty of Paris, ending the French and Indian War. The Proclamation Line of 1763 is declared by the British Royal Crown. 1763. The 1^st Treaty of Paris ends the French and Indian War. During the American Revolution, four of the now Six Nations of the Iroquois League sided with the British. The Mohawk, Onondaga, Cayuga and Tuscarora fought against colonists in the Battle of Oriskany, aided the British in the Battle of Wyoming in Pennsylvania, and at Saratoga, the Cherry Valley, and raids throughout the Mohawk Valley in New York, as well as in numerous other actions on the frontiers of New York and Pennsylvania. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763) 1763. Later that year, the Crown issued the Proclamation of 1763, legally confirming the 1758 border as the limits of British colonization, with the land beyond reserved for Native Americans.

1763AD. Through the efforts of Sir William Johnson after 1763, the Seven Nations of Canada merged with the Iroquois League to form a single alliance in support of the British interest. The enormous power of this coalition allowed the British to crush the Pontiac Uprising in the Great Lakes that and afterwards put the Nipissing at Oka on the British side during the American Revolution (1775-83). The size of the Oka reserve shrank following the war through lands sales to accommodate the resettlement in Upper Canada of British Loyalists who had been forced to leave the newly-formed United States.

1763. April 19. AD. Teedyuscung. Teedyuscung, Chief of the Lenape (Delaware) was a casualty of the peace that brought about the end of the French and Indian War in Pennsylvania. The colonists agreed to pull back from settlements in the Ohio country in exchange for peace east of the Appalachians. The Iroquois refused to grant a permanent home for Teedyuscung and his people in the Wyoming Valley. The promised investigation into the Walking Purchase was passed from the colonial government in Philadelphia to the British government in London where it was eventually dropped. Teedyuscung was left unsupported and unprotected. On April 19, 1763 his cabin and the village of Wyolutimunk was burned to the ground by arsonists. Teedyuscung was asleep in his cabin at the time and perished in the blaze. The residents of Wyolutimunk fled and settlers from the Susquehanna Company of Connecticut soon took their place. Teedyuscung's dream of a Lenape home in the Wyoming Valley ended with his death.

1763. May. Gershom Hicks, taken captive in May 1763 by the Shawnee and Delaware people reported that the smallpox epidemic was well underway, among the natives, since spring of 1763.

1763. Pontiac's Rebellion resulted in the capturing of six or nine forts west of the Appalachians; Shawnee, Delaware, and Mingo besieged Fort Pitt ultimately killing 600 settlers; smallpox epidemic may have been intentionally introduced; Waldman writes, in reference to a siege of Fort Pitt (Pittsburgh) by Chief Pontiac's forces during the summer of 1763: “Captain Simeon Ecuyer had bought time by sending smallpox-infected blankets and handkerchiefs to the Indians surrounding the fort -- an early example of biological warfare -- which started an epidemic among them. Amherst himself had encouraged this tactic in a letter to Ecuyer.” [p. 108]. Carl Waldman's Atlas of the North American Indian [NY: Facts on File, 1985].  http://www.umass.edu/legal/derrico/amherst/lord_jeff.html According to historian David Dixon, “Pontiac's War was unprecedented for its awful violence, as both sides seemed intoxicated with genocidal fanaticism.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac's_War.

1763. June 29. A week after the siege began, Bouquet was preparing to lead an expedition to relieve Fort Pitt when he received a letter from Amherst making the following proposal: “Could it not be contrived to Send the Small Pox among those Disaffected Tribes of Indians? We must, on this occasion, Use Every Stratagem in our power to Reduce them.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Pitt.

1763. July 13. Bouquet agreed, writing back to Amherst on July 13, 1763: "I will try to inocculate the Indians by means of Blankets that may fall in their hands, taking care however not to get the disease myself." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Pitt.

1763. July 16. Amherst responded favorably on July 16, 1763: "You will Do well to try to Innoculate the Indians by means of Blanketts, as well as to try Every other method that can serve to Extirpate this Execreble Race." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Pitt.

1763 AD. Colonel Henry Bouquet defeated the Shawnee, Delaware, and Mingo in a two-day battle at Bushy Run.

1763-1766. Pontiac's Rebellion. The British still faced competition from numerous Native American tribes, including in the Great Lakes region: the Ottawa, Ojibwa, Pottawatomi, and Huron; in the eastern Illinois Country: the Miami, Wea, Kickapoo, Mascouten, and Piankashaw; and in the Ohio Country: the Delaware (Lenape), Shawnee, Mingo, and Wyandot. The tribes were angered by British colonials moving to settle in their territories. They attacked during Pontiac's Rebellion of 1763–66, when the Natives succeeded in burning several British forts. They killed and drove many settlers out of the Northwest Territory. Britain had to send troops to reinforce Fort Pitt and finally defeated the Natives in the Battle of Bushy Run. The war came to a close with nothing resolved.

1763AD. Britain officially closed the Northwest Territories to colonial settlement by the Proclamation of 1763, in an effort to create peace with the tribes west of the Appalachian Mountains.

1763. August 30. AD. In the process, the Shawnee got their final revenge on the Catawba for their expulsion from South Carolina in 1707 when they killed Haiglar, or “King Hagler”, or Nopkehee, the last important Catawba chief—an event generally regarded as the end of Catawba power. The Iroquois ordered the Shawnee and Delaware to stop but were ignored. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Hagler

http://nativeheritageproject.com/2012/09/06/meeting-with-king-hagler-and-the-catawba-nation-1756/

1763. December 14. At daybreak on December 14, 1763, a vigilante group made up of Scots-Irish frontiersmen, the Paxton Boys, attacked the local Conestoga, a Susquehannock tribe who had lived since the 1690s on land donated by William Penn to their ancestors. Many Conestoga were Christian, and they had lived peacefully with their European neighbors for decades. They lived by bartering handicrafts, hunting, and from subsistence food given them by the Pennsylvania government. Because of a snowstorm, most of the Conestogas had been unable to reach home the previous evening and spent the night with neighbors. Those at the camp were scalped, or otherwise mutilated, and their huts were set on fired. Most of the camp burned down. Although there had been no Indian attacks in the area, the Paxton Boys claimed that the Conestoga secretly provided aid and intelligence to the hostiles. On December 14, 1763, more than fifty Paxton Boys marched on Conestoga homes near Conestoga Town (now Millersville), murdered six, and burned their cabins. The colonial government held an inquest and determined that the killings were murder. The new governor John Penn offered a reward for capture of the Paxton Boys.

1763. December 27. AD. John Penn placed the remaining sixteen Conestoga in protective custody in Lancaster but the Paxton Boys broke in on December 27, 1763. They killed and scalped six adults and eight children. The government of British Pennsylvania offered a new reward after this second attack, this time $600, for the capture of anyone involved. The attackers were never identified. I saw a number of people running down street towards the gaol, which enticed me and other lads to follow them. At about sixty or eighty yards from the gaol, we met from twenty-five to thirty men, well mounted on horses, and with rifles, tomahawks, and scalping knives, equipped for murder. I ran into the prison yard, and there, O what a horrid sight presented itself to my view!- Near the back door of the prison, lay an old Indian and his squaw (wife), particularly well known and esteemed by the people of the town, on account of his placid and friendly conduct. His name was Will Sock; across him and his squaw lay two children, of about the age of three years, whose heads were split with the tomahawk, and their scalps all taken off. Towards the middle of the gaol yard, along the west side of the wall, lay a stout Indian, whom I particularly noticed to have been shot in the breast, his legs were chopped with the tomahawk, his hands cut off, and finally a rifle ball discharged in his mouth; so that his head was blown to atoms, and the brains were splashed against, and yet hanging to the wall, for three or four feet around. This man’s hands and feet had also been chopped off with a tomahawk. In this manner lay the whole of them, men, women and children, spread about the prison yard: shot-scalped-hacked-and cut to pieces. - William Henry of Lancaster. The Rev. Elder, who was not directly implicated in either attack, wrote to Governor Penn, on January 27, 1764: The storm which had been so long gathering, has, at length, exploded. Had Government removed the Indians, which had been frequently, but without effect, urged, this painful catastrophe might have been avoided. What could I do with men heated to madness? All that I could do was done. I expostulated; but life and reason were set at defiance. Yet the men in private life are virtuous and respectable; not cruel, but mild and merciful. The time will arrive when each palliating circumstance will be weighed. This deed, magnified into the blackest of crimes, shall be considered as one of those ebullitions of wrath, caused by momentary excitement, to which human infirmity is subjected.