Eskippakithiki's Dark and Bloody 1700s. Part 1: 1700-1763.

Eskippakithiki's Dark and Bloody 1700s. Part 1: 1700-1763.

1700. The Shawnees total population in all of America was around 2,500 folks.

1701 AD. The Iroquois sign treaties in Albany and Montreal, with blue-eyed Devils, ending the nearly 100 years of Beaver Wars in North America. “The peace treaty, Great Peace of Montreal was signed in 1701 in Montreal by 39 Indian chiefs and the French. In the treaty, the Iroquois agreed to stop marauding and to allow refugees from the Great Lakes to return east. The Shawnee eventually regained control of the Ohio Country and the lower Allegheny River. The Miami tribe returned to take control of modern Indiana and north-west Ohio. The Pottawatomie went to Michigan, and the Illinois tribe to Illinois.[34] With the Dutch long removed from North America, the English had become just as powerful as the French. The Iroquois came to see that they held the balance of power between the two European powers and they used that position to their benefit for the decades to come. Their society began to quickly change as the tribes began to focus on building up a strong nation, improving their farming technology, and educating their population. The peace was lasting and it would not be until the 1720s that their territory would again be threatened by the Europeans. Also in 1701, the Iroquois nominally gave the English much of the disputed territory north of the Ohio in the Nanfan Treaty, although this transfer was not recognised by the French, who were the strongest actual presence there at the time. In that treaty, the Iroquois leadership claimed to have conquered this "Beaver Hunting Ground" 80 years previously, or in ca. 1621.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Wars

1707 AD. A band of Shawnee “had emigrated to Apalachiola to establish Ephippeck Town” (Belue, pg. 11). Puckshinwah, and Black Hoof would be born here (Eskippakithiki). Possibly Tecumseh too.

1707 AD. The Catawba warred against the Shawnee (Savanah? Savannah?) until they kicked them out permanently in 1707. The Iroquois ordered the Shawnee and Delaware to stop but were ignored. From Shawnee tradition the quarrel with the Chickasaw would seem to be of older date. After the reunion of the Shawnee in the north they secured the alliance of the Delawares, and the two tribes turned against the Cherokee until the latter were compelled to ask for peace, when the old friendship was renewed.

1707. Final expulsion from South Carolina after defeat by the Catawba, most of the Savannah Shawnee went to Pennsylvania, others to Tennessee, and still others would eventually join the Creek Confederacy; Cumberland Shawnee began trading with the French, and allowed Charleville to establish a trading post near present Nashville, TN.

1710 AD. “A delegation of Iroquois chiefs—they were Mohawks, Keepers of the Confederation's Eastern Door, arrayed in English apparel that did not detract from their shaved heads and faces tattooed with ebony dots and triangles and lines—appeared before Queen Anne, beseeching Her Majesty to protect her Indians. She, in turn, beseeched them to clasp hands with her in defending Iroquoia. Hers was a true test of diplomacy, it having been six years since the Deerfield slayings. 3 years after Anne sent the troops, the Treaty of Urtecht ended the war, making the Iroquois her subjects.” (Belue, pg. 11).

1713. The Treaty of Urtecht is signed, which makes the Iroquois, Queen Anne's subjects (read: slaves). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/encyclopedia/TreatyofUtrecht1713-QuebecHistory.htm http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/859832/treaties-of-Utrecht

1714 AD. Soon after the coming of Charleville, in 1714, the Shawnee finally abandoned the Cumberland Valley, being pursued to the last moment by the Chickasaw.

1715. Cherokee and Chickasaw joined to defeat the Cumberland Shawnee. Some of the Shawnee joined the Creek Indians, while others moved north into Kentucky.

1715. In a council held at Philadelphia in 1715 with the Shawnee and Delawares, the former “who live at a great distance,” asked the friendship of the Pennsylvania government. These are evidently the same who about this time were driven from their home on Cumberland River. On Moll's map of 1720 we find this region marked as occupied by the Cherokee, while “Savannah Old Settlement” is placed at the mouth of the Cumberland River, indicating that the removal of the Shawnee had then been completed.

1718-1754. From 1718 to 1754, early Scottish traders, referred to the Piqua, a band of Shawnee who lived at Eskippakithiki, as Picts, and their village as Little Pict Town. Eskippakithiki was then “the metropolis of Kentucky, of Shawnee-French-Canadian-Iroquoian Kentucky, when all Kentuckians paid homage to King Louis, the Grand Monarque of France, serenely oblivious, in the distractions of his pleasure-seeking court, of the huddle of dusky savages who, in the deep forests of the New World, were achieving life and security under the psychologic influence of his potent name” (Beckner 1932: 365).

1720s. The French claimed most of Kentucky, established trading posts with help of local Indian tribes.

1721. Black Hoof was born in Eskippakithiki, Clark County, Kentucky. The Algonquin Shawnee can claim Kentucky as their motherland. So can the Mosopeleas and Honniasontkeronons.And 20+ other native American tribes.

1722. The Tuscarora's (The Hemp Gatherers) join the Iroquois Confederacy, making it 6 Nations.

1730. Adair visited the Cherokee village settlements in Kentucky. “In 1730, an-other enterprising trader from South Carolina, named Adair, made an extensive tour through the villages of the Cherokees and also visited the tribes to the South and West of them.” https://archive.org/stream/cu31924028846074/cu31924028846074_djvu.txt

1730. The Shawnee stopped for some time at various points in Kentucky, and perhaps also at Shawneetown, but finally, about the year 1730, they collected along the north bank of the Ohio River, in Ohio and Pennsylvania, extending from the Allegheny down to Logs town, and Lowertown was probably built about this time. The land thus occupied was claimed by the Wyandot, who granted permission to the Shawnee to settle upon it, and many years afterward threatened to dispossess them if they continued hostilities against the United States. They probably wandered for some time in Kentucky.

1736. The French-Canadian Census of 1736 had listed Eskippakithiki as “Chaouanons, towards Carolina, two hundred men”, and 200 men implies heads of households, so there would have been about 800 to 1000 Native Americans, men, women, children, with souls, and heartbeats.

1737. The Delaware and Shawnee lost their lands in eastern Pennsylvania, both tribes removed to western Pennsylvania, and later Ohio, though one Shawnee band went south.

1739. Charles (III) le Moyne de Longueuil, Baron de Longueuil (II). More than two hundred years ago — in 1729 to be exact — an intrepid French Canadian soldier and explorer, then commanding at Fort Niagara, Captain Charles le Moyne de Longueil,¹ descended the Ohio River from the eastern Great Lakes and discovered Big Bone Lick in Northern Kentucky. His was the military entourage that accompanied and protected the famous French engineer, M. Chaussegros de Lery,² whose compass surveys at this time gave basis for the first reconnaissance charting of the meandering course of the Ohio River. Though records do not so state, we may assume without fear of error that he was taken to this locality by the Indian guides who accompanied him, for this lick [Big Bone Lick] in southwestern Boone County was widely known among the aboriginal tribes that inhabited the Ohio Valley. While commanding a French-Canadian military expedition against the Chickasaw Native Americans in the Mississippi River Valley, Captain Charles de Longueuil discovers the region of Big Bone Lick.

The title Baron de Longueuil is the only currently (as of today, August 17, 2014) extant French colonial title that is recognized by Queen Elizabeth II as Queen of Canada. The title was granted originally by King Louis XIV (14^th) of France to a Norman military officer, Charles le Moyne de Longueuil, and its continuing recognition since the cession of Canada to Britain is based on the Treaty of Paris (1763), which reserved to those of French descent all rights which they had enjoyed before the cession. The title descends to the heirs general of the first grantee, and as such survives today in the person of Dr. Michael Grant, the 12th Baron de Longueuil, a cognatic descendant of Charles le Moyne de Longueuil, the 1st Baron Charles Le Moyne, the 3^rd Baron de Longueuil, while commanding a French Canadian military expedition out of Canada against the Chickasaw Indians in the Mississippi River Valley ( who were hostile to the French and interfering with the communications between the French occupied Louisiana and Canada), is credited with the “discovery” of Big Bone Lick by a white European.

1739. Captain Charles (II) le Moyne de Longueuil, Baron de Longueuil (1656-1729) discovers Kentucky, finally, after humans have been living here for 13,739 years. In 1739, the Indians listed in Kentucky were Cherokee, Chickasaw, Mosopelea, Shawnee and Yuchi (Harrison). Tecumseh asked about the disappearance of the Pequot, the Narragansett, and the Pocanet Choctaw Indians, which points out the many factions of Indians that used to exist, but no longer did (Turner). According to some early maps, the Yuchi had a town in Kentucky, on a River which appears to be identical with Green River. Other Indians who can claim Kentucky as their homeland are the Delaware, the Lanapota, the Creek and the Mingo (Harrison).

1741. December 25. Simon Girty is born in Chambers Mill, Pennsylvania. Native Americans killed Simon Girty's biological father; or maybe he died in a duel, several years later. Simon Girty is the son of an Irish immigrant who settled in Eastern Pennsylvania. Simon Girty was also his father's name, but he never did anything with it, and Mary Newton was his mother's name, even though she only kept half of it. The son of a packhorse driver employed in the fur trade, Simon Girty's mother made their home at Chambers Mills, on the east side of the Susquehanna, above Harrisburg, now Dauphin County, Pennsylvania. Here Simon Girty, their second son (Thomas was the first), was born.

1744. The Lancaster Treaty. From June 25 to July 4, 1744, negotiations brought forth a treaty that gave His Majesty George II of the Great British Empire, the large swath of land in between the Tidewater and the Mississippi River (North America).

1745. For 3 days, the Miami, Shawnee, and Cherokee warred, in modern day Bellevue, Kentucky (Harrison).

1745. April. “The Council” granted the two hundred thousand acres in two equal portions: one hundred thousand acres went to a man named Patton (Colonel James Patton), and, the other one hundred thousand acres went to John Robinson, the Council President.

1746. The Southern Shawnee band made peace with the Cherokee, and settled in the Cumberland Basin.

1748. In 1748 the Shawnee on the Ohio were estimated to number 162 warriors or about 600 souls. A few years later they were joined by their kindred from the Susquehanna, and the two bands were united for the first time in history. There is no evidence that the western band, as a body, ever crossed to the east side of the mountains. The nature of the country and the fear of the Oatawba would seem to have forbidden such a movement, aside from the fact that their eastern brethren were already beginning to feel the pressure of advancing civilization. The most natural line of migration was the direct route to the upper Ohio, where they had the protection of the Wyandot and Miami, and were within easy reach of the French.

1748. Thomas Lee and Robert Dinwiddie, surveyor general for the southern colonies (and future Royal Governor of Virginia), penned into being a competing speculative venture: The Pendennis Ohio Land Speculator's Club Company (aka “The Ohio Land Company”).

1748. At the Treaty of Lancaster in 1748, “they” urged the League to restore the Ohio tribes to the Covenant Chain as a barrier against the French, and the Iroquois created a system of “half kings”— Iroquois authorized to represent the Shawnee and Delaware in League councils. The new arrangement satisfied the Ohio tribes, and when a French expedition tried to expel British traders and mark the Ohio boundary with lead plates in 1749, the Mingo demanded to know by what right the French were claiming Iroquois land.

1749. The Girtys move to Sherman's Creek. There were four of the Girty sons—Thomas, Simon, James and George. Then later, there was a half brother, John Turner. In 1749 the family removed to Sherman's Creek, in Perry County, along with a number of other settlers, to engage in farming. But the Indians regarded this as an unauthorized encroachment upon their lands, and they protested to the government. Evidently this protest was accounted well-grounded, for the authorities forcibly expelled the settlers and burned the houses they had built.

1749. Pierre Joseph de Celeron de Bienville leads his famous Lead Plate Expedition, where Celeron went around planting lead plates at major intersections of Rivers, in order to solidify's France's claim to Iroquois, Shawnee, Mosopelea, Wyandot, Yuchi, Cherokee, Chickasaw, etc. lands. The Mingo demanded to know by what right the French were claiming Iroquois land. Pierre Joseph Celeron's expedition goes out of Canada, down the Ohio River, but does not make it as far as Big Bone Lick, turning around at the mouth of the Big Miami River.

1750. Thomas Walker, a Loyal Land Company investor, and an agent of the British crown, explores Kentucky through Cumberland Gap, and around Southeastern Kentucky. In 1750, Dr. Thomas Walker with five companions, made a famous exploration through the Cumberland Gap and into eastern Kentucky. The Loyal Land Company settled people in southwest Virginia, but not Kentucky. Thomas Walker renamed the Shawnee River, the “Cumberland” River, named in honor of one of England's greatest butchers of Irish peoples. The Duke of Cumberland was even more genocidal to the native Irish than Saint Patrick, or the Plug Uglies, but most Kentuckians do not know that, and do not care.

1750-1795. “The Shawnee, who struggled with the Kentucky settlers more than any other tribe, probably numbered no more than three or four thousand by 1750”(Harrison 10). “The Shawnee probably numbered fewer than 4,000 individuals when the white settlement of Kentucky began”... where they remained a threat “until 1795” (Harrison and Klotter, pg. 11).

1750 or 1751. Simon Girty's father, “Simon Girty”, an Irish immigrant and an Indian Trader, was killed in a duel in 1750. Or maybe Simon Girty's father was killed in 1751 in a drunken frolic by an Indian called “The Fish” in Chamber Mills, over a land dispute. There's conflicting reports of the slaying of Simon Girty's biological father. Either way, Simon Girty's father, Simon 1.0, was murdered, and that left the boys, nearly orphaned bastards.

1751. Christopher Gist, George Washington's head stooge, explores the Ohio River.

1752. Charles Le Moyne the 3^rd, Baron de Longueuil the 2^nd, briefly served as Governor of New France following the death of Governor Jonquiere.

1752. June. In desperation, the French decided to use force, but the Detroit tribes were friendly with Ohio and Kentucky tribes, and they were reluctant to attack them. In June, 1752 the Mtis, Charles Langlade, recruited a war party of 250 Ojibwe and Ottawa from Michilimackinac which destroyed the Miami village and British trading post at Piqua, Ohio. Stunned, their allies quickly rejoined the alliance, and the French followed their success with an attempt to block British access to Ohio with a line of new forts across western Pennsylvania. The Shawnee and Delaware had no wish to be controlled by the French, and asked the Iroquois League to stop this. The Iroquois turned to the British, and in 1752 signed the Logstown Treaty confirming their land cessions in 1744, and giving the British permission to build a blockhouse at the forks of the Ohio (Pittsburgh). The French destroyed this before it was even completed and proceeded to build Fort Duquesne at the same location. British Virginia sent British Major George Washington to demand the French abandon their forts and stop building new ones. His first visit in 1753 met with a polite refusal from the French commander, but his second expedition in 1754 resulted in a fight with French soldiers and started the French and Indian War (1754-63).

1753 — 1755. Mary Newton, Simon Girty's mother, married John Turner, who had been a boarder in the family. John Turner took his crew, his new family back to the Sherman's Creek valley in 1755, and here all fell into the hands of Indians when the latter captured and destroyed Fort Granville there on the Juniata.

1753. January 28. John Findley/Finley at Eskippikithiki. Daniel Boone's buddy, John Findley/Finley, visited Eskippakithiki, the last established Shawnee village to maintain in their Kentucky homeland, in 1752. John Findley/Finley would be the one who escorts Danny Boone to Kentucky (1769), and showed him the vast flatlands, near where Eskippakithiki used to be established. John Findley/Finley lived in Eskippakithiki, and was a trader there. John Findley/Finley claims that he was attacked by a party of 70 Christian Conewago and Ottawa Indians, a white French Canadian, and a white renegade Dutchman named Philip Philips, all from the St. Lawrence River, upon a scalping hunting expedition against the Southern Indians, on January 28, 1753, along the Warrior's Path, twenty five miles south of Eskippakithiki, near the head of Station Camp Creek in Captain James Estill County (Beckner). The 7 Pennsylvanian white traders rolling with John Findley/Finley's crew, consisted of James Lowry, David Hendricks, Alexander McGinty, Jabez Evans, Jacob Evans, William Powell, Thomas Hyde, and their Cherokee servant. The white Pennsylvania traders shot at the 70 Christian Indians, and the 70 Christian Indians (along with Philip Philips), took the whites prisoner, and took them to Canada, and shipped some of them off to France, as prisoners of war. Findley fled, and the next time a white person went to Eskippathiki, it was burnt down to the ground. So these 70 Christian Indians, with the 2 white guys, could be the party responsible for the destruction of Eskippathiki, or this story was made up by John Findley, to cover up his crimes of murdering an entire village of people, stealing their stuff, and then showing Daniel Boone the flat spot for him to get the whites to set-up shop with their one-room cabins. Or maybe something else happened.

1753-1754. The Pride, a Shawnee war chief, had been captured in South Carolina during a raid against the Catawba. After he died in a BRITISH prison, his grieving relatives retaliated in 1754 with raids against the North Carolina frontier. http://westernreservepublicmedia.org/onestate/shawnee.htm http://books.google.com/books?id=7GlBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA427&lpg=PA427&dq=Nererahhe&source=bl&ots=n7Q-DMpLmH&sig=zrl_i8JF0q3JHlkEB2SmT86BgWc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WvXwU7nHEIL-yQTKzoD4DA&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Nererahhe&f=false

1753. April 10. Major William Trent writes the letter that first mentions the word “Kentucky” regarding the attack on John Findley (Finley?). British Major William Trent wrote to British Governor Henry Hamilton, the hair buyer: “I have received a letter just now from Mr. Croghan wherein he acquaints me that fifty odd Ottowas, Conewagoes, one Dutchman and one of the Six Nations that was their Captain met with some of our people at a place called KENTUCKY, on this side Allegheny river, about one hundred and fifty (150) miles from the lower Shawanese town. They took eight (8) prisoners, five (5) belonging to Mr. Croghan and me, and the others to Lowry. They took three or four hundred (300 or 400) pounds worth of goods from us. One (1) of them made his escape after he had been a prisoner three days. Three of John Findley's men are killed by the little Pict Town and no account of himself. They robbed Michael Teaff's people near the Lakes; there was one FRENCHMAN in Company. The Owendats secured his People and five horse load of skin. Mr. Croghan is coming thro' the woods with some Indians and whites and the rest of the white men and the Indians are coming up the river in a body, though 'tis a question whether they escape, as three hundred Ottawas were expected at the lower Town every day and another party of French and Indians coming down the river.” … “The Indians are in such confusion that there is no knowing who to trust. I expect they will all join the French, except the Delawares, as they expect no assistance from the English. The Low Dutchman's name that was with the party that robbed our people is Philip Philips. His mother lives near Col. Johnson. He was taken by some French Indians about six years ago and has lived ever since with them. He intends some time this summer to go and see his mother. If your Honors pleases to acquaint the Governor of New York with it, he may possibly get him secured by keeping it secret, and acquainting Col. Johnson with it, and ordering him to apprehend him. If the Dutchman once comes to understand it, they will contrive to send him word to keep out of the way. I intend leaving directly for Allegheny with provisions for our People that are coming through the woods and up the river.”

1754. May. The 1754 Albany Conference. Throughout the summer of 1754 the Shawnee, Delaware and Mingo stood ready to join the British against the French, but this changed in the fall when it was learned the Iroquois had ceded Ohio to the British during the “Albany Conference” in May 1754. The Ohio tribes not only lost confidence in the Iroquois but decided the British were also enemies who wanted to take their land. However, they stopped well-short of allying with the French, and refused to help them supply or defend their forts. The French were finally forced to assemble a force of 300 French Canadians and 600 allies from the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes tribes to defend Fort Duquesne against the British, but this would include only four Shawnee tribes, and no Delaware tribes.

1754 – 1763. The Seven Years War (French and Indian War) due to disputes over land is won by Great Britain. France gives England all French territory east of the Mississippi River, except New Orleans. The Spanish give up east and west Florida to the English in return for Cuba.

1755. Summer. Mary Ingles and her two young sons were among several captives taken by Shawnee warriors after the Draper's Meadow Massacre during the French and Indian War. They were taken to Lower Shawneetown (Shannoah) at the Ohio and Scioto Rivers. Mary Ingles escaped with another woman, who was either Dutch or German, and after two and a half months, making a trek of 500–600 miles through the frontier, crossing numerous rivers and creeks, and over the Appalachian Mountains, Ingles returned home. The Shawnee (Miami and Delaware; “Shawnee” means “Southerner”) are thought to be possible successors to Fort Ancient. Mary Ingles, the first white person in Kentucky, was abducted by the Shawnee (Harrison and Klotter, pg. 10). A Shawnee Chief kidnapped Virginia Sellards Wiley, the 2nd white person in Kentucky, and claimed her as his wife (Harrison 10).

1755. By the time Simon Girty was fourteen (14) his family had moved to Sherman's Creek in eastern Pennsylvania. During the French and Indian War, the Girtys, fearful of attack, sought refuge in Fort Granville. In 1755, a combined army of French soldiers and their native allies captured the fort, taking several British colonists captive including Simon Girty. He was first taken to Kittanning, a town belonging to the Delaware natives, but he eventually found himself in the hands of the Seneca natives who took him to the Ohio Country. There, he was adopted into the Seneca tribe. Girty seemed to enjoy his new surroundings, spending his late teens learning the language and customs of the Senecas.

1755. July. General Edward Braddock met disaster when his 2,200-man army was ambushed just before reaching Fort Duquesne. Half the command was killed (including Braddock himself) and when the news reached the colonies, disbelief was followed by a violent anger towards all Native Americans. Although the Shawnee and Delaware had not participated in the battle, they chose a very poor moment to send a peaceful diplomatic delegation to Philadelphia to protest the Iroquois cession of Ohio. Pennsylvania hanged them, and the Shawnee and Delaware went to war against the British, not for the French, but for themselves. In 1755 war parties struck the frontiers in Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Maryland in a wave of death and destruction that killed 2,500 colonists during the next two years.

1755. July 8. The Shawnees killed Colonel James Patton.

1755. Charles le Moyne (1687–1755) the 3^rd, and 2^nd French imperially-titled Baron de Longueuil, the first white man who famously discovered Big Bone Lick, was assassinated during the French and Indian War.

1756. British Virginia governor Robert Dinwiddie dispatched “Major Andrew Lewis and about 340 men, including several score Cherokee warriors, against the Shawnee” (Harrison 17). Also in 1756, the Cumberland Shawnee was attacked by the Chickasaw, so most removed to Ohio.

1,756 AD. The Burning of John Turner at the Stake. Aftermath, Turner's stepsons are split up amongst the native Americans. Thomas Girty is rescued. James Girty was adopted into a Shawnee tribe. George Girty was adopted into a Delaware tribe. Simon Girty was taken by western Senecas to a village near Lake Erie’s east shore, where he was adopted into the Iroquois League, and trained as an interpreter. During the French and Indian War, Simon, his three brothers, his half-brother, his mother and his step-father were taken by French-led Shawnee and Delaware forces who captured Fort Granville. Following the capture of the entire Girty family by Indians during the French & Indian War in America, his step-father, John Turner, was burned at the stake before Simon's eyes in 1756 at the Delaware village of Kittanning. All were brought over the mountains to Kittanning. The Indians recognized John Turner as one who had injured their race, so in retaliation they sacrificed him at the stake. Gordon's " History of Pennsylvania " says they tied him to a blackened post, made a great fire, danced around him, heated gun barrels red hot and run them through his body, and after three hours of such torture scalped him alive. Then a native American revolutionary held up to him a boy who gave him the finishing stroke with a tomahawk. A month later, English militia under the command of William Armstrong attacked Kittanning, and Thomas Girty, the eldest of the Girty brothers was liberated. Thomas had been a captive for only 40 days. The rest of the family remained in Indian hands and was separated and given to different tribes. James Girty was adopted into a Shawnee tribe. George Girty was adopted into a Delaware tribe. Simon Girty was taken by western Senecas to a village near Lake Erie’s east shore, where he was adopted into the Iroquois League, and trained as an interpreter.

1756-1764. Simon Girty spent the next eight (8) years living with a Seneca tribe in the Ohio Country, during the bulk of the French, British, and Indian war. Simon Girty had become fully assimilated with the Seneca and preferred their way of life. He proved adept at learning different native languages and dialects and became skilled as an orator. This facility, together with his ability to quickly memorize speeches, would serve him well in his later work as an interpreter and guide first for the American colonists and eventually as an agent for the British Indian Department.

1758. General John Forbes captures a major French outpost in the Ohio Country: Fort Duquesne.

1759. Their French allies having yielded to the British, the Senecas signed a peace agreement with the English in 1759, and agreed to return all captives. The natives returned Simon Girty to his mother in Pittsburgh, and he spent the next several years as a struggling farmer. The next decade of his life was spent living among the Seneca of northwestern Pennsylvania. By then, Simon Girty had come to love the Indian way of life, and, at one point, served as bodyguard to Seneca Indian Chief Guyasuta. http://old.post-gazette.com/regionstate/19991229girty4.asp http://www.thefullwiki.org/Simon_Girty He also served as an interpreter for traders seeking furs from the Delaware natives in western Pennsylvania.

1760. 760 British prisoners exchanged, but about half opted to remain with the Shawnee and Delaware.

1762. The Treaty at Lancaster is quickly betrayed by British by building Fort Pitt and a garrison of 200 men.

1762. August. Thomas Hutchins, in his August 1762 Journal entry among the Natives at Fort "Mineamie", reports: "The 20th, The above Indians met, and the Ouiatanon Chief spoke in behalf of his and the Kickaupoo Nations as follows: '"Brother, We are very thankful to Sir William Johnson for sending you to enquire into the State of the Indians. We assure you we are Rendered very miserable at Present on Account of a Severe Sickness that has seiz'd almost all our People, many of which have died lately, and many more likely to Die." Later, Hutchins writes "The 30th, Set out for the Lower Shawneese Town' and arriv'd 8th of September in the afternoon. I could not have a meeting with the Shawneese untill the 12th, as their People were Sick and Dying every day."[11]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Pitt http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/legal/amherst/lord_jeff.html

1763. Pontiac's Rebellion resulted in the capturing of six or nine forts west of the Appalachians; Shawnee, Delaware, and Mingo besieged Fort Pitt ultimately killing 600 settlers; smallpox epidemic may have been intentionally introduced; Waldman writes, in reference to a siege of Fort Pitt (Pittsburgh) by Chief Pontiac's forces during the summer of 1763: “Captain Simeon Ecuyer had bought time by sending smallpox-infected blankets and handkerchiefs to the Indians surrounding the fort -- an early example of biological warfare -- which started an epidemic among them. Amherst himself had encouraged this tactic in a letter to Ecuyer.” [p. 108]. Carl Waldman's Atlas of the North American Indian [NY: Facts on File, 1985]. http://www.umass.edu/legal/derrico/amherst/lord_jeff.html According to historian David Dixon, "Pontiac's War was unprecedented for its awful violence, as both sides seemed intoxicated with genocidal fanaticism." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac's_War.

1763. June 29. On June 29, 1763, a week after the siege began, Bouquet was preparing to lead an expedition to relieve Fort Pitt when he received a letter from Amherst making the following proposal: "Could it not be contrived to Send the Small Pox among those Disaffected Tribes of Indians? We must, on this occasion, Use Every Stratagem in our power to Reduce them." Bouquet agreed, writing back to Amherst on July 13, 1763: "I will try to inocculate the Indians by means of Blankets that may fall in their hands, taking care however not to get the disease myself." Amherst responded favorably on July 16, 1763: "You will Do well to try to Innoculate the Indians by means of Blanketts, as well as to try Every other method that can serve to Extirpate this Execreble Race." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Pitt.

1763. Colonel Henry Bouquet defeated the Shawnee, Delaware, and Mingo in a two-day battle at Bushy Run.

1763. August 30. In the process, the Shawnee got their final revenge on the Catawba for their expulsion from South Carolina in 1707 when they killed Haiglar, or “King Hagler”, or Nopkehee, the last important Catawba chief—an event generally regarded as the end of Catawba power. The Iroquois ordered the Shawnee and Delaware to stop but were ignored. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Hagler

http://nativeheritageproject.com/2012/09/06/meeting-with-king-hagler-and-the-catawba-nation-1756/

1763. May. Gershom Hicks, taken captive in May 1763 by the Shawnee and Delaware people reported that the epidemic was well underway, among the natives, since spring of 1763.

1763. France cedes all of their North American land, including Kentucky, to Britain in the 1763 Treaty of Paris, ending the French and Indian War. The Proclamation Line of 1763 is declared by the British Royal Crown.

1764. April 14. Hicks escaped and arrived to Fort Pitt on April 14, 1764 and reported to the 42nd Regiment Captain, William Grant, "that the Small pox has been very general & raging amongst the Indians since last spring and that 30 or 40 Mingoes, as many Delawares and some Shawneese Died all of the Small pox since that time, that it still continues amongst them."[12] Although he didn’t know of this, the head of British forces in North America – Amherst – advised his subordinates to deal with the rebellion by all means available to them, and that included passing smallpox infected blankets to the Indians, as well as executing Indian prisoners. This was a new policy, without precedent among Europeans in America, one caused by desperation and, according to historian Fred Anderson, “genocidal fantasies”. (Anderson, Crucible of War, p. 543).