Chapter 3

The 1400s (The 15^th Century)

1400AD-. From 1400 onwards, the formerly dispersed populations began to coalesce. Villages became much larger, with populations as high as 500. This was a time when warfare and intergroup strife increased, leading the tribes to consolidate their villages for better protection. The simple, soulful, native Kentuckians rummaging through the Bluegrass hills, frollicking through the fruited plains, streams, creeks, mountains, hills, valleys, farms, villages, were Mosopelea, Chickasaw, Cherokee, Shawnee, Yuchi, Lenape (Delaware), and to a lesser extant, the Miami, Wyandot, Mingo, Mohawk, and Illinois, and at least, these folks bled on Kentucky's dirt, which should account for citizenship, bleeding for your country, your nation, your homeland, moreso than just being born here, like all of these illegal white anchor babies. “Most of the accepted histories indicate that there were no permanent Indian settlements in Kentucky during historic times. Yet stories abound of the presence of Indians, particularly Shawnee, in many regions of Kentucky. Stories of whites held in Indian captivitiy... [and] of Indian attacks on the new, and fortified, settlements of Harrodsburg and Boonesboro.” (Jerry E. Clark: 1993). There's 7 Shawneetowns on this one map I saw of early Amerika. Prior to European contact, Kentucky was inhabited by Algonquian (e.g., Delaware, Miami, Shawnee), Iroquoian (e.g., Cherokee, Yuchi, Haudenosaunee, Mingo, Wyandot), Muskogean (e.g., Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek), and Siouan (e.g., Saponi) speaking peoples.

Here's a List I compiled of 35 Indian tribes native to Kentucky:

            1-Chickasaw (Muskogean-speaking); 2) Shawnee (Algonquin-speaking); 3) Cherokee; 4) Yuchi aka Green River Indians (Iroquois-speaking); 5) Wyandot (Iroquois-speaking); 6) Mosopelea; 7) Mingo (Seneca; Iroquois); 8) Chippewa (1 of the Councils of 3 Fires); 9) Lenape aka Delaware (Algonquin); 10) Miami (Algonquin); 11) Yamacraw; 12) The Eel River Indians; 13) HAUDENOSAUNEE Haudenosaunee (The Democratic Iroquois Imperial Confederacy); 15) Kaskaskia Indians; 16) Kickapoo; 17) Ottawa (1 of the Councils of 3 Fires); 18) Piankeshaw (1 of the Councils of 3 Fires); 19) Potawatomi; 20) Wea; 21) Tutelo; 22) Illinois; 23) Lanapota; 24) Creek (Muskogeen-speaking); 25) Ojibwa; 26) HONNIASONTKERONONS Honniasontkeronons (La Salle, 1668); 27) OUTAGAME Outagame (Fox); 28) ISKOUSSOGOS Iskoussogos (the general Iroquoian name for western Algonquians); 29) TOUGUEHAS Touguenhas; 30) Mohawk (Iroquois); 31) Choctaw (Muskogean-speaking); 32) Saponi (Tutelo-speaking); 33) Souix (Tutelo-speaking); 34) The Ponka; 35) Crane.  https://sites.google.com/site/owsleycountykentucky/american-indians https://www.youtube.com/user/freedomskool/playlists https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL09JAmkZ-2Ax7umJP9_5Ls_UbrdCEXCID

1200AD. The Saponi Nation of Ohio is a tribal group composed of descendants and heirs of the historic Saponi Nation. They are a sub-group of the Dakota from the time when Siouan ancestors lived in the Ohio River Valley area around 1200 A.D. Saponi is one of the eastern Siouan-language tribes, related to the Tutelo, Occaneechi, Monacan, Manahoac, and other eastern Siouan peoples. Its ancestral homeland was in North Carolina and Virginia. The tribe was long believed extinct, as its members migrated north to merge with other tribes. It disappeared from the historical record as a tribe by the end of the 18th century. Contemporary American Indian groups claiming descent from the historical Saponi are found in North Carolina, Ohio, and several other states. In addition, communities such as the Carmel Indiansof Carmel, Ohio; and a group in Magoffin County, Kentucky claim to be Native-American descendants of the Saponi. They also identify as MELUNGEON, a historic mixed-race group. This site is for those seeking to research Native American ancestry deriving from the Piedmont of Virginia and North Carolina. These are Siouan people, commonly referred to generically as the Saponi, Tutelo. Occoneechee, Eno, Cheraw. Many families connected to these bloodlines have carried the identification of “Blackfoot.” Virginia and North Carolina, especially Southside Virginia, has thousands of the descendents of these people. Some of these people are in state recognized tribes but the vast majority of these people are not formally organized in tribes. Migration trails can be found in all of Appalachia—West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee; on into Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa. Some are even known to have settled in Alberta, Canada. There are historical records and family genealogies involving New York, while the historical records notes the main body, referred to at that point as Tutelo, being adopted into the Six Nations in Ontario. It is believed that many descendants survive Tutelo adoptees into some of those Six Nations. There are also migration patterns into South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Arkansas and Texas. According to archaeologists and others, the original Native population of the Ohio Country was wholly or mainly Siouan. Anthropologists generally agree to on a great Siouan occupation of the Ohio lands. At the beginning of historic time, the great Ohio Valley had been emptied by Iroquois invaders. The Siouan people were separated, going to the four directions. Some the Siouan tribes were driven toward the southeast and found refuge in Virginia and the Carolinas. They then emerged on the pages of history as the TUTELO Tutelo, the SAPONI Saponi, the MONACAN Monacan, the OCAANEECHI Occaneechi and others.

1200-1600AD. Home is where the heart is. The Ohio River Valley Sioux (related to the Dakota tribe) were located in what is now southeastern Ohio, including Gallia, Meigs, Vinton, Lawrence, Jackson, Pike, Highland and Ross counties. Kentucky Saponis would be around here somewheres.

1,400s AD. “Fort Ancient's artisans were trading limestone-fired ceramics to Tennessee's Coosa villagers for conch shell gorgets inscribed with rattlesnakes and weeping eye motifs, and for marginella disk beads, pendants, and yaupon leaves to roast into caffeinated black drink.” (Belue, pg. 3).

1426AD. The Irquois Confederate Constitution is written. In an academic paper titled “A Sign in the Sky: Dating the League of the Haudenosaunee,” Barbara Mann estimates that the journey of DEANAWIDAH Deganawidah (The Peacemaker) and HIAWATHA Hiawatha in support of the Great Law had begun about a quarter-century earlier with the Mohawks, at the "eastern door" of the Confederacy, about 25 years earlier (than 1451).

1450-1600AD. The Iroquois Confederacy (also known as the "League of Peace and Power"; the "Five Nations"; the "Six Nations"; or the "People of the Long house") is a group of First Nations/Native Americans that originally consisted of five tribes: the Mohawk, the Oneida, the Onondaga, the Cayuga, and the Seneca. A sixth tribe, the Tuscarora, joined after the original five nations were formed. The original five tribes united between 1450 and 1600 by two spiritual leaders, HIAWATHA Hiawatha and Deganawida DEGANAWIDA who sought to unite the tribes under a doctrine of peace. Haudenosaunee flag, representing the original five nations that were united by the Peacemaker. The tree symbol in the center represents an Eastern White Pine, the needles of which are clustered in groups of five. The flag is based on the “Hiawatha Wampum Belt… created from purple and white wampum beads centuries ago to symbolize the union forged when the former enemies buried their weapons under the Great Tree of Peace.” The combined leadership of the Nations is known as the Haudenosaunee. It should be noted that “Haudenosaunee” is the term that the people use to refer to themselves. Haudenosaunee means “People of the Long House.” The term is said to have been introduced by The Great Peacemaker at the time of the formation of the Confederacy. It implies that the Nations of the confederacy should live together as families in the same long house. Symbolically, the Seneca were the guardians of the western door of the “tribal long house,” and the Mohawk were the guardians of the eastern door.

1451. June 28. AD. Solar Eclipse. The 1451 founding date was first proposed in 1948 by Paul A.W. Wallace, who gathered Iroquois oral history in his White Roots of Peace and other works. In her paper, Mann suggests that Wallace knew enough of the Senecas' oral history to realize that a solar eclipse was a key element to determining the founding date. Wallace also was fluent in German, the language in which he would need to read T.R. Oppolzer's Canon der Finsternisse, the best historical eclipse tables available at the time. The first pre-contact solar eclipse in Seneca country occurred June 28, 1451. Mann believes that Wallace did not dare risk an earlier date because of the academic politics of the late 1940s. “As late as 1949,” writes Barbara Mann, “white scholars were still trying to insist that Europeans . . . had invented wampum—a back-bone artifact of the League!” The argument that the Iroquois League was established substantially before contact with Europeans is supported by oral-history accounts.

1471, or 1476AD. The Illiterate Illegitimate Francisco Pizarro González is born. (/pɪˈzɑroʊ/; Spanish: [piˈθaro]; c. 1471 or 1476 – 26 June 1541), a Spanish conquistador who decimated the Incan Empire. Pizarro González (usually just “Pizarro”) was born in Trujillo, Spain, the illiterate illegitimate son of Gonzalo Pizarro, an infantry colonel, and Francisca González, a woman of poor means. Pizarro was also a distant cousin of Hernán Cortés, the Butcher of Mexico, the destroyer of Civilizations, such as Aztec, and Carribs, as Israel genocides Palestine today, July-August 2014.

1478. The Spanish Inquisition Begins. Thousands Killed. Spain was recently unified, one of the new modern nation-states, like France, England, and Portugal. Its population, mostly poor peasants, worked for the nobility, who were 2 percent of the population and owned 95 percent of the land. Spain had tied itself to the Catholic Church, expelled all the Jews, driven out the Moors. Like other states of the modern world, Spain sought gold, which was becoming the new mark of wealth, more useful than land because it could buy anything. The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition (Spanish: Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición), commonly known as the Spanish Inquisition (Inquisición española), was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile (who will later finance Columbus's voyage to the Amerikas). It was intended to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms and to replace the Medieval Inquisition, which was under Papal control. It became the most substantive of the three different manifestations of the wider Christian Inquisition along with the Roman Inquisition, and Portuguese Inquisition. The Inquisition was originally intended in large part to ensure the orthodoxy of those who converted from Judaism and Islam.

            10-100 Million Native Americans: Some reports say there's 100 Million Native Americans on the North American continent at this time. Howard Zinn estimates it at 10 Million.

1491. December 31. AD. JACQUES Jacques Cartier CARTIER, the Founder of Canada, is Born. (Breton: Jakez Karter; December 31, 1491 – September 1, 1557) was a French explorer of Breton origin who claimed what is now Canada for France. Jacques Cartier was the first European to describe and map the Gulf of Saint Lawrenceand the shores of the Saint Lawrence River, which he named “The Country of Canadas”, after the Iroquois names for the two big settlements he saw at Stadacona (Quebec City) and at Hochelaga (Montreal Island) Jacques Cartier, (born 1491, Saint-Malo, Brittany, France—died Sept. 1, 1557, near Saint-Malo), French mariner, whose explorations of the Canadian coast and the St. Lawrence River (1534, 1535, 1541–42) laid the basis for later French claims to North America (see New France). Jacques Cartier also is credited with naming Canada, though he used the name—derived from the Huron-Iroquois kanata, meaning a village or settlement—to refer only to the area around what is now Quebec city.Jacques Cartier appears to have voyaged to the Americas, particularly Brazil, prior to his three major North American voyages.

1492AD. This regulation of the faith of the newly converted was intensified after the Spanish Catholic Crown's royal decrees issued in 1492 and 1501 ordering Jews and Muslims to convert or leave Spain. Various motives have been proposed for the monarchs' decision to found the Inquisition such as increasing political authority, weakening opposition, suppressing conversos, profiting from confiscation of the property of convicted heretics, reducing social tensions, and protecting the kingdom from the danger of a fifth column. The body was under the direct control of the Spanish monarchy. It was not definitively abolished until 1834, during the reign of Isabella II, after a period of declining influence in the previous century.

1492, October 10-1498AD. Columbus begins the Premodern/Prehistory Age of Imperialism and Genocide by genociding millions of Haitian natives (Arawak, Taino, others), most especially the children. The Population on the island of Hispaniola was 3-10 million. Within 20 years of Spanish arrival, it was reduced to only 60,000. Within 50 years, not a single original native inhabitant could be found.Columbus was so impressed with the hard work of these gentle islanders, that he immediately seized their land for Spain and enslaved them to work in his brutal gold mines.  Columbus's report to the Court in Madrid was extravagant. He insisted he had reached Asia (it was Cuba), and an island off the coast of China (Hispaniola). His descriptions were part fact, part fiction: “Hispaniola is a miracle. Mountains and hills, plains and pastures, are both fertile and beautiful... the harbors are unbelievably good and there are many wide rivers of which the majority contain gold... There are many spices, and great mines of gold and other metals...” “The Indians,” the great hero Christopher Columbus reported, "are so naive and so free with their possessions that no one who has not witnessed them would believe it. When you ask for something they have, they never say no. To the contrary, they offer to share with anyone...." He concluded his report by asking for a little help from their Majesties, and in return he would bring them from his next voyage "as much gold as they need ... and as many slaves as they ask." He was full of religious talk: "Thus the eternal God, our Lord, gives victory to those who follow His way over apparent impossibilities.”"Because of Columbus's exaggerated report and promises, his second expedition was given seventeen ships and more than twelve hundred men. The aim was clear: SLAVES and GOLD. They went from island to island in the Caribbean, taking Indians as captives. But as word spread of the Europeans' intent they found more and more empty villages. On Haiti, they found that the sailors left behind at Fort Navidad had been killed in a battle with the Indians, after they had roamed the island in gangs looking for gold, taking women and children as slaves for sex and labor. Columbus, desperate to pay back dividends to those who had invested, had to make good his promise to fill the ships with gold. In the province of Cicao on Haiti, where he and his men imagined huge gold fields to exist, they ordered all persons fourteen years or older to collect a certain quantity of gold every three months. When they brought it, they were given copper tokens to hang around their necks. Indians found without a copper token had their hands cut off and bled to death.The Indians had been given an impossible task. The only gold around was bits of dust garnered from the streams. So they fled, were hunted down with dogs, and were killed.Trying to put together an army of resistance, the Arawaks faced Spaniards who had armor, muskets, swords, horses. When the Spaniards took prisoners they hanged them or burned them to death. Among the Arawaks, mass suicides began, with CASSAVA poison. Infants were killed to save them from the Spaniards. In two years, through murder, mutilation, or suicide, half of the 250,000 Indians (125,000) on Haiti were dead. Las Casas transcribed Columbus's journal and, in his fifties, began a multivolume History of the Indies. In it, he describes the Indians. They are agile, he says, and can swim long distances, especially the women. They are not completely peaceful, because they do battle from time to time with other tribes, but their casualties seem small, and they fight when they are individually moved to do so because of some grievance, not on the orders of captains or kings. The Women in Indian society were treated so well as to startle the Spaniards. Las Casas describes sex relations: Marriage laws are non-existent men and women alike choose their mates and leave them as they please, without offense, jealousy or anger. They multiply in great abundance; pregnant women work to the last minute and give birth almost painlessly; up the next day, they bathe in the river and are as clean and healthy as before giving birth. If they tire of their men, they give themselves abortions with herbs that force stillbirths, covering their shameful parts with leaves or cotton cloth; although on the whole, Indian men and women look upon total nakedness with as much casualness as we look upon a man's head or at his hands. Las Casas tells how the Spaniards “grew more conceited every day” and after a while refused to walk any distance. They “rode the backs of Indians if they were in a hurry” or were carried on hammocks by Indians running in relays. “In this case they also had Indians carry large leaves to shade them from the sun and others to fan them with goose wings.” Total control led to total cruelty. The Spaniards “thought nothing of knifing Indians by tens and twenties and of cutting slices off them to test the sharpness of their blades.” Las Casas tells how “two of these so-called Christians met two Indian boys one day, each carrying a parrot; they took the parrots and for fun beheaded the boys.” Thus husbands and wives were together only once every eight or ten months, and when they met they were so exhausted and depressed on both sides... they ceased to procreate. As for the newly born, they died early because their mothers, overworked and famished, had no milk to nurse them, and for this reason, while I was in Cuba, 7000 children died in three months. Some mothers even drowned their babies from sheer desperation... in this way, husbands died in the mines, wives died at work, and children died from lack of milk... and in a short time this land which was so great, so powerful and fertile... was depopulated... My eyes have seen these acts so foreign to human nature, and now I tremble as I write...

1493. Juan Ponce de Leon. The first known European explorer to set foot on what became the United States was Spanish Conquistador Juan Ponce de León. In 1493, the Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon accompanied Christopher Columbus on his second voyage to America. On his second trip to the New World, Columbus brought cannons and attack dogs. As a reward for his assistance in suppressing Indian revolts, Ponce de León was named governor of present-day Puerto Rico. After subjugating the Indians on Puerto Rico and amassing a fortune in gold and slaves, he was replaced as governor. Free to dedicate his attention to exploration, Ponce de León set out to find the fabled island of Bimini. He was driven to discover new lands, gold, slaves, and possibly the legendary Fountain of Youth. Many believed that those who drank from the fountain would be cured of all illnesses and their youthful appearance would be restored. Ponce de León sailed northwest from Puerto Rico until he reached Florida. He followed the coastline south, rounded the peninsula, and explored much of Florida’s west coast.The king of Spain honored Ponce de León with a knighthood and named him governor of Florida.

1495AD. In the year 1495, the Catholic kiddie-fucker-by-the-bushel genocidal maniac Christopher Columbus went on a great slave raid, rounding fifteen hundred (1500) Arawak men, women, and children, put them in pens guarded by Spaniards and dogs, then picked the five hundred (500) best specimens to load onto ships. Of those five hundred, two hundred (200) died en route. The rest arrived alive in Spain and were put up for sale by the archdeacon of the town, who reported that, although the slaves were "naked as the day they were born," they showed "no more embarrassment than animals." Columbus later wrote: "Let us in the name of the Holy Trinity go on sending all the slaves that can be sold."

1,496 AD. Future Spanish Conquistador Hernando De Soto DE SOTO is birthed in Spain. Later on, Hernon Cortes CORTES would wipe out the Aztecs (in Mexico), and many others, genociding assymmetrically heroically, with just a few hundred Spaniards on horseback (plus guns, germs, and steel, and a penchant for barbaric savagery), against 100s of 1000s of Aztec warriors, and others.