Chapter 7

1764-1774. Shawnee Village in Johnson County, Kentucky (Eastern Kentucky). There may have been a settlement in eastern Kentucky in the period after the French and Indian War. Jillson places a Shawnee village at the confluence of Big Mud Lick and Little Mud Lick creeks in northern Johnson County from 1764 to 1774. This is the village from which Jenny Wiley is supposed to have made her escape. There are other references to the Shawnee in the vicinity of Big Sandy River as well.

1764AD. After a peace treaty with Colonel Henry Bouquet in 1764, those of the Shawnee on the Scioto and Muskingum who signed the treaty migrated westward and established two villages on the Little Miami and Mad rivers. The town that became known as “Old Chillicothe” was built on the Little Miami River, three miles north of the present city of Xenia, Ohio. This village became famous as the place where Daniel Boone and Simon Kenton were held captive. About twelve miles north of it stood the town of Piqua on the north bank of Mad River. Most biographers believe that Piqua was the birthplace of Tecumseh.

1764. April 14. AD. Hicks escaped and arrived to Fort Pitt on April 14, 1764 and reported to the 42nd Regiment Captain, William Grant, “that the Small pox has been very general & raging amongst the Indians since last spring and that 30 or 40 Mingoes, as many Delawares and some Shawneese Died all of the Small pox since that time, that it still continues amongst them.” Although he didn’t know of this, the head of British forces in North America – Amherst – advised his subordinates to deal with the rebellion by all means available to them, and that included passing smallpox infected blankets to the Indians, as well as executing Indian prisoners. This was a new policy, without precedent among Europeans in America, one caused by desperation and, according to historian Fred Anderson, “genocidal fantasies”. (Anderson, Crucible of War, p. 543).

1764. All three (3) Girty brothers (James, George, and Simon) were brought back from the woods when the French had been expelled from virtually all of the Americas, North and South (except Guadeloupe, Haiti, and a few other little islands), and English domination had become assured. Simon Girty returned from life among the Senecas in 1764, at which time he was fluent in eleven (11) native American languages.

1765AD. First reported in 1765, the village of the Eel River Indians was located six miles above the confluence of the Eel and Wabash rivers in present Cass County, Indiana. The Eel River Indians were named for a tributary of the Wabash River in Indiana. They, along with the Wea and Piankashaw, were an Algonquian people and a subgroup of the Miami. No longer an identifiable tribe, their descendants may presently be among the Miami Nation of Oklahoma.

1767AD. Frontiersman Daniel Boone, John Findley traveled into Kentucky across Cumberland Gap.

1768. March. AD. Tecumseh is born. A speech by Tecumseh (not at his birth):

            “Houses are built for you to hold councils in; the Indians hold theirs in the open air. I am a Shawnee. My forefathers were warriors. Their son is a warrior. From them I only take my existence. From my tribe I take nothing. I have made myself what I am. And I would that I could make the red people as great as the conceptions of my own mind, when I think of the Great Spirit that rules over us all. I would not then come to Governor Harrison to ask him to tear up the treaty.” [Tecumseh referred to the 1795 Treaty of Greenville, which gave the United States parts of the Northwest Territory. He had refused to attend the Greenville peace council.] “But I would say to him, “Brother, you have the liberty to return to your own country.” You wish to prevent the Indians from doing as we wish them, to unite and let them consider their lands as the common property of the whole. You take the tribes aside and advise them not to come into this measure. … You want by your distinctions of Indian tribes, in allotting to each a particular, to make them war with each other. You never see an Indian endeavor to make the white people do this. You are continually driving the red people, when at last you will drive them into the great lake [Lake Michigan], where they can neither stand nor work. Since my residence at Tippecanoe, we have endeavored to level distinctions, to destroy village chiefs, by whom all mischiefs were done. It is they who sell the land to the Americans. Brother, this land that was sold, and the goods that were given for it, was only done by a few. … In the future we are prepared to punish those who propose to sell land to the Americans. If you continue to purchase them, it will make war among the different tribes, and at last I do not know what will be the consequences among the white people. The way, the only way to stop this evil, is for the red men to unite in claiming a common and equal right in the land, as it was at first, and should be now—for it was never divided, but belongs to us all. No tribe has the right to sell, even to each other, much less to strangers … Sell a country! Why not sell the air, the great sea, as well as the earth? Did not the Great Spirit make them all for the use of his children? How can we have confidence in the white people? When Jesus Christ came upon the earth, you killed him, and nailed him to the cross. You thought he was dead, and you were mistaken. You have the Shakers among you, and you laugh and make light of their worship. Everything I have told you is the truth. The Great Spirit has inspired me.” ~Tecumseh.

1768AD. The British superintendent of Indian Affairs convinced the Cherokee to cede their holdings in British Virginia to prevent conflicts with encroaching colonists. 

1768AD. The Treaty of Fort Stanwix is negotiated between the Haudenosaunee and Great Britain.

1769AD. Virginia longhunter and explorer Joseph Martin made the first of several forays into the region. Acting as an agent for Dr. Thomas Walker, to whom Martin was connected through family relationships, Martin began an expedition to Powell's Valley in early 1769 in return for a promised 21,000-acre (8,500 ha) land grant from Walker and the Loyal Land Company. Martin and his men built the earliest westernmost frontier fort at present-day Rose Hill, Virginia, a fort dubbed Martin's Station. Later that year Indians chased off Martin and his men, who returned to Albemarle County. Martin returned six years later to rebuild the fort, and a few months later became an agent for Richard Henderson's Transylvania Company.

1769. Chief Dick and Cherokee warriors are met by Long Hunters while hunting along Skagg’s Creek near the Rockcastle River. KENTUCKY!

1769-1771. Boone Explores Kentucky. In 1769, British colonist Daniel Boone created a trail from North Carolina to Tennessee. He spent the next two years exploring Kentucky.

1769. Of the many who plied their fur trade at Logstown, John Gibson may be claimed to be the first settler in Hopewell Township. In 1769 at the opening of the British Pennsylvania Land Office, an entry was made of 300 acres of land to include the old Indian cornfield opposite Logstown for the use of John Gibson who having drawn at a lottery the earliest number.

1770s

1770. Rockcastle County, Kentucky. Another British redcoat expedition, led by James Knox in 1770, met with a band of Cherokee on the Rockcastle River. James Knox and his men recognized their leader as Dicks (pronounced Dix) who frequented the lead mines on the Holston River. Realizing James Knox's party was in need of food, Dix suggested they cross Brushy Ridge and hunt for game in his river valley, known today as Dix River in Rockcastle County, Kentucky. He ended the conversation with Knox's party by saying, “kill it, and go home” (Collins 1847).

1770AD. The Cherokees claim Kentucky their territory, which includes land claimed by other tribes in the Treaty of Paris Revision. The British-American Redcoats introduce the spinning wheel and looms to the Cherokee. 

1770. William Wells is born. (c. 1770 – 15 August 1812), Also known as Apekonit (“Carrot top”), was the son-in-law of Chief Little Turtle of the Miami. He fought for the Miami in the Northwest Indian War … Wells was born at Jacob's Creek, Pennsylvania, the youngest son of Samuel Wells, a captain in the Virginia militia during the American Revolutionary War.

1770AD. 650 Kispoko and Piqua Shawnee left Ohio and headed to settle in Spanish Missouri; Michael Cresap and a group of vigilantes attacked a Shawnee trading party near Wheeling, killing a Chief.

1770. York is born. York (1770 – unknown) was an African slave best known for his participation with the Lewis and Clark Expedition. As William Clark's slave, he performed hard manual labor without pay, but participated as a full member of the expedition. After the expedition's return, Clark had difficulty compelling York to resume his former status, and York later escaped.

1770. October 18. AD. British representatives insisted on the negotiation of a new treaty on October 18, 1770, which moved the northeastern boundary of Cherokee country from the New River of West Virginia to the land within the extreme western corner of Kentucky, today known as Pike County. 

1771AD. Gibson settled upon the land, built a house, cleared and fenced 30 acres of land. There were no white neighbors nearer than Fort Pitt. At the opening of the American Revolution, Gibson abandoned his home to accept a commission of colonel of the Thirteenth Virginia Regiment. Flowing through Gibson’s land was a stream which came to be known as Logstown Run. It meandered through a narrow valley (now Franklin Avenue) which was banked on both sides by steep hills of virgin forest. Before reaching the Ohio River the steep hills took a precipitous drop to form a level expanse of ground. This was to be the future site of the Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation.

1772AD. Cherokee fight for their land on Station Camp Creek. 1772. February. While initial contact with the Cherokee was peaceful, increasing numbers of Europeans strained relations and fighting broke out in February 1772 on Station Camp Creek (Collins 1847). With the increase in European encounters, the Cherokee had trouble maintaining control over Kentucky, especially in the land north of the Cumberland River valley.

1772AD. Two years later, Great Britain requested yet another treaty to purchase all of the land between the Ohio and Kentucky rivers from the Cherokee. KENTUCKY!

1773. In 1773, Captain Thomas Bullitt led the first exploring party into Jefferson County, surveying land on behalf of Virginians who had been awarded land grants for service in the French and Indian War.

1773. October 10. AD. Clinch Mountains, Virginia. James Boone, Daniel Boone's son, is tortured, and murdered by Kentucky Indians. During Daniel's first attempt to reach Kentucky (near Cumberland Gap)... Daniel Boone's first attempt. A group of Shawnee warned Daniel Boone to leave Kentucky, and when Boone failed to comply, the Shawnee killed James Boone. Land speculators wanted the land to have no “lice” on it, so they could just come in for the taking. The Shawnees lived in permanent villages during the warmer months, but the Shawnee moved more frequently in the winter months, hunting deer and bison, and other game, as fulltime nomads typically do. The Shawnees were only halftime nomads. Nomads in the Winter, and Village Communists in the Summer. The historical marker is located off highway 58E, RR Exit 684, Lee County, Virginia. The marker reads as follows: “This marks the burial place of a party of white settlers who were surprised in camp and slain by Indians at day break on October 10, 1773. Those killed were James Boone, son of Daniel Boone, Henry Russell, son of Captain William Russell, Robert and Richard Mendenhale . . . brothers . . . and another unnamed white man. Two [members of the party] escaped. Isaac Crabtree, a white man, and Adam, a Negro, slave of William Russell. Daniel Boone and William Russell buried their sons, and the others at the scene of the tragedy, and gave up temporarily the first effort to settle Kentucky.” Daniel Boone was leading a party of settlers, including his own family, into Kentucky. They were scheduled to meet up with another group of settlers, the Captain William Russell party, at a specified location. Daniel Boone (of course) decided they needed more supplies so he sent James back to meet the Russell party, verify their location, and collect more supplies. Two Mendenhall boys went with him. James Boone made it back to Captain Russell and planned to ride along with them to meet with his family and th e rest of their group. But it appears that Captain William Russell sent James Boone and his group along with his own son, Henry Russell, on ahead to tell Daniel Boone that they were coming. Somehow the boys must have gotten lost because they ended up camping for th e night on Wallen's Ridge in Virginia. As it turned out, they were only about 3 miles from where Daniel Boone's main party was camped. During the night they were attacked by a Shawnee group which was led by “Big Jim,” an Indian familiar to Daniel Boone and to his children, his having visited at their home in North Carolina. James Boone and the others were horribly tortured and later killed, all except for one young black slave who hid in a canebrake at the edge of a nearby creek, and a boy by the name of Isaac Crabtree who had joined them on the trail. When word arrived at Boone's camp that his beloved son and his companions had been murdered, Daniel Boone packed to go to the site of the massacre and to attempt to track the persons who had performed the awful deed. He tracked them for some distance bu t they escaped him. Before Daniel Boone left the camp, Rebecca gave him two of her handmade linen sheets to wrap the two boys in for burial. The boys were buried in the same grave on the area of Powell's Valley where they were slain. 1773. October 10. AD. Virginia. The first recorded Indian massacre on the waters of Powell's (Powell) River was recorded on October 10, 1773. (Powell's or Powell River runs the length of Lee County in Virginia, then flows through Claiborne County in Tennessee, and empties into Norris Lake close to Flat Hollow.) This atrocity included the killing of Captain William Russell and Daniel Boone's sons, the Drake boy, the Mendenhall brothers, and a Negro slave of Russell's. The massacre occurred near the head of Wallen's Creek, in present day Lee County in Virginia. Apparently the route the party followed from Russell's place in Castlewood was the trail the early Long Hunters used known as the “Hunter's Trail.” The trail crossed the Clinch River at Hunter's Ford, now the village of Dungannon, through Hunter's Valley, Rye Cove, and across Powell Mountain at Kane's Gap onto the head of Wallen's Creek. Boone, while returning from Kentucky in the spring of 1773, met William Russell, then a resident of Castlewood on the Clinch River. Russell was so enthused concerning the settlement of Kentucky that he agreed to join Boone in the venture. The McAfee party, while returning home from Kentucky, met Boone about the 12th of August and made preparations to migrate to that country. The Bryan party, who resided sixty miles eastward of Boone's home on the Yadkin, agreed to join Boone's company in Powell Valley in Virginia on a scheduled day and pass the most dangerous part of the journey together. Boone returned home, sold his farm, household goods, produce and farming gear, everything that was too burdensome to carry. As agreed, the Bryan party, numbering 40, overtook the front line. Several had joined the reinforcement in the areas of Fort Chisel and Holston Valley. Among these men were Michael Stoner, William Bush, and Edmund Jennings. The group had passed Clinch Mountain, Powell's Mountain, and Wallen's Ridge, barely entering Powell's Valley. Near the western base of Wallen's ridge, where Powell River flows along a valley, Boone and his party went into camp and awaited the arrival of the rear party. James Boone, son of Daniel, and two brothers, John and Richard Mendenhall, from Guilford County, North Carolina, had been dispatched from the main company, probably at Wolf Hills, now Abingdon. The goal was to travel across country to Captain Russell's at Castlewood for the dual purpose of alerting him of the advance of Boone's Kentucky personnel and obtaining a quantity of flour, which was immediately supplied. Captain Russell sent forward his oldest son Henry, a young man of 17, two Negroes named Charles and Adam, Isaac Crabtree, and a youth named Drake, with several horses loaded with farming tools. Also included were numerous provisions, other helpful articles, and a few books. A small drove of cattle was additionally sent under their charge. Captain Russell remained behind and then joined Captain David Gass to move forward and overtake the others. Captain Russell had ambitions of opening a plantation in Kentucky during the autumn and winter, put out a crop in the spring, and return for his family. Had these plans materialized, William Russell might possibly have been one of the most distinguished primitive settlers of Kentucky. Time had passed and it was now the 9th of October. Young Boone and Russell never dreamed of the danger that was awaiting them. They were a mere three miles behind the front company where they camped on the northern bank of Wallen's Creek, a southern tributary of Powell's River. Unknown to the lagging group was a party of shrewd Indians who had that day detected them at a substantial distance. Young Boone and his companions, while seated around their blazing fire, heard the howling of wolves, or perhaps a successful imitation on the part of the Indians. The Mendenhalls, certainly not used to such frontier sounds, showed some appearance of fear while Crabtree, an experienced backwoodsman, laughed vigorously at their panic and playfully told them that they would soon be hearing the bawling of the buffalo in Kentucky. The group, lost in a moment of slumber, all unconscious of danger, was attacked about daybreak the next morning. The Indians, who had successfully creeped close to camp, ultimately fired upon their unsuspecting victims, killing some and wounding others. The description of this brutal attack depicted a heart-rending scene. Young Russell was shot through both hips and was unable to escape. The Indians ran up to him with their knives drawn. Russell, in total defense of himself, seized the blades with his bare hands, and consequently had them badly distorted. He was lastly tortured in a most brutal fashion. Young Boone was also shot through his hips, breaking both. He recognized among the Indians, Big Jim, a Shawnee warrior who had frequently shared the warmth of his father's house. His features were that he could be recognized instantly. James Boone pleaded with Big Jim to spare his life, but to no avail. The Indians pulled out his toe and fingernails. The pain finally became too agonizing that young Jim Boone pleaded with Big Jim to take his life. Young Russell was suffering similar tortures. After much anguish, both injured were severely stabbed and possibly tomahawked to death. The Mendenhall brothers and young Drake were among the slain. The Negro, Adam, luckily escaped unhurt, hid himself in some driftwood on the creek bank, and was a spectator to the excruciating scene in the camp. Crabtree was wounded, escaped and reached the settlement, while Adam, losing his way, was eleven days finding his way to the frontier inhabitants. The Indians hauled off the old Negro, Charles, and made him prisoner. They also stole away with the horses and all the valuable items. The Indians, at a distance of about 40 miles from the scene, began arguing over the ownership of the Negro. The leader of the party settled the argument by tomahawking the poor hostage. In the advance camp a young man had been caught stealing from his commander, and had been so ridiculed by the camp personnel that he decided to abandon the party and return to the settlements. His departure was made on the 10th of October, and while on his way stole some deerskins from Daniel Boone. Reaching the ford at Wallen's Creek, shortly after the Indians had left the massacre site, the young man came upon the location of the slaughter. Dropping his skins he instantly hurried back to the main camp where he arrived with the sorrowful news. The main camp was devastated at hearing the report. Squire Boone, Daniel Boone's father, led a party back to bury the unfortunates, and recover any property the Indians might have left. Daniel Boone and the other men remained at the main camp in case of an attack from the main party, for they had no way of knowing the strength of the Indians. Quickly, for safety reasons, they fabricated a rude fortification. Squire Boone's burial party reached the trampled camp and found Captain's Russell and Gass had already arrived. Young Russell and young Boone were slaughtered almost beyond recognition. Mrs. Daniel Boone had sent for a sheet and young Boone and Russell were wrapped in the same covering and buried together; the other slain were also decently buried. The Indians had scattered the cattle while all articles of importance were taken. Squire Boone and his burial party, along with Captains Russell and Gass, returned to the main camp where a general council was held. Daniel Boone wished to continue the journey, but most of the men were too disheartened to carry on. The majority of the group thought that Indian repetition would be on their agenda and so agreed to abandon the project and return home. Sensing that the Indians had been a small regiment, the white adventurers began retracing their own footsteps. Some returned to their farming settlements in Virginia and Carolina. Meanwhile, Boone accepted the invitation of Captain Gass to take his temporary quarters in a cabin on his farm, about seven or eight miles below Captain Russell's at Castlewood, a little south of Clinch River. Daniel Boone lived on the Clinch from this time until 1775 when he led his second and successful party to Kentucky and founded Boonesborough. While living at Castlewood, a son named William was born to Daniel and Rebecca Boone. The baby died in infancy and was buried in the Moore's Fort graveyard. Captain Gass was born in Pennsylvania about 1729. He moved from Albermarle Co., Va., to Castlewood in 1769. He made eleven trips from Castlewood to Boonesborough before settling there permanently in December 1777. He died in Madison Co., Ky., in 1805 or 1807.

The rest of the families returned North Carolina.

1774AD. The Chickasaw refused the Henderson Land Company access to the mouth of Occochapo Creek (present day Bear Creek). KENTUCKY!

1774AD. James Harrod (of Harrodsburg/Harrod's Town/Lexington/First White Settlement in Kentucky) murdered a Shawnee chief, for no apparent reason. Just because he was shooting at the same white-tailed deer as him. He also choked a Shawnee to death, just for the sadistic pleasure of it. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ix0-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA504&lpg=PA504&dq=Kekewepellethe&source=bl&ots=dc4n8yIR07&sig=zu1OEQHjGxR4mbz6mYBODNwxJBk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7nLzU-vrDcnvoAS3roGYCw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Kekewepellethe&f=false

1774. April 30. AD. The First Battle of the American Revolution, The Yellow Creek Massacre happens, creating Johnny Logan, the Mingo Mohawk Warrior Chieftain. The Yellow Creek Masscre was a brutal killing of several Mingo Indians by Virginia frontiersmen on April 30, 1774. The atrocity occurred across from the mouth of the Yellow Creek on the upper Ohio River in the Ohio Country, near the current site of the Mountaineer Casino, Racetrack and Resort and Steubenville, the home of the rapists whose putting KyAnonymous in jail for 25 years. It was the single most important incident contributing to the outbreak of Lord Dunmore's War (May-October 1774). It was carried out by a group led by Jacob Greathouse and Daniel Greathouse. The perpetrators were never brought to justice. Johnny Logan, Talgahyeetah, the Mingo Mohawk warrior Chieftain, loved the whites, and was made fun of by the other Mohawks' for his uncle tom foolery. Once all of Johnny Logan's family was wiped out, who mourns for Logan? Nobody. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Creek_Massacre

1774. June 16. AD. Harrod's Town, the first white establishment west of the Appalachian mountains, is established. Named after James Harrod, who led a team of area surveyors, Harrodstown is established as the first permanent settlement in the Kentucky region. Native Americans force the settlers to withdraw, but they return the following year. 1774. James Harrod began constructing Fort Harrod in Kentucky. However, battles with the native American tribes established in the area forced these new settlers to retreat. They returned the following year, as Daniel Boone built the Wilderness Road and established Fort Boonesborough at the site near Boonesborough, Kentucky. The Native Americans allocated a tract of land between the Ohio River and the Cumberland River for the Transylvania Land Company.

1774. June 22. The British Parliament passes the Quebec Act, which annexes the Northwest Territories to the province of Quebec. Some colonials, wanting to move to “new lands,” described this as one of the Intolerable Acts that contributed to the American Revolution. It was “Intolerable” to the British colonists NOT to steal native American land. Intolerable.

1774. October 10. The First Pitched Battle of Militia in the American Revolution, The Battle of Point Pleasant, part of Lord Dunmore's War. British Redcoat Daniel Boone was commissioned a British Redcoat Captain in charge of 3 forts in Southwest Virginia underneath British Redcoat Lord Dunmore. Cornstalk was the lead war chief, and was at the peace negotiations after he lost. Simon Girty helped Lord Dunmore in Lord Dunmore's War as a scout and interpreter. 1774. “The Shawnees earned a reputation as fierce warriors, among Indians and whites alike. Colonel Charles Stuart, who fought against them at the Battle of Point Pleasant in 1774, reckoned the Shawnee were “the most bloody and terrible” of all Indians, “holding all other men as well as Indians as whites, in contempt as warriors, in comparison with themselves.” They evidently boasted they had killed ten times more white people than any other tribe. They were “a well-formed, active, and ingenious people,” said Stuart; “assuming and imperious in the presence of others not of their own nation, and sometimes very cruel.” … “They were “great Talkers, and their Language is very melodious and strong, well adapted to beautify and embellish the flowerings of natural eloquence.” (Calloway, pg. 18). “The men wear shirts, match-coats, breech-clouts, leggings and mockesons, called by them mockeetha. Their ornaments are silver plates about their arms, above and below their elbows. Nose jewels are common. They paint their faces, and cut the rim of their ears, so as to stretch them very large. Their head is dressed in the best mode, with a black silk handkerchief about it; or else the head is all shaved only the crown, which left for the scalp. The hair in it has a swan's plume, or some trinket of silver tied in it. The women wear short shifts over their shroud, which serves for a petticoat. Some times a calico bed-gown. Their hair is parted and tied behind. They paint only in spots in common on their cheeks. Their ears are never cut, but some have ten silver rings in them. One squaa will have near five hundred silver broaches stuck in her shift, stroud, and leggings. Men and women are very proud, but men seem to exceed this vice.” (Calloway, pg. 19-20).

1774. The Treaty of Camp Charlotte is negotiated between the Delaware, Mingo, Shawnee, and Great Britain (Virginia) after British Lord Dunmore's War.

1775. March 14 - 17. AD. The Treaty of Sycamore Shoals between British-Americans and Cherokee Chiefs is signed. Whites “buy” 20 million acres of Kentucky land. 1775. Treaty of Sycamore Shoals is negotiated between the Cherokee and the Transylvania Company, at the onset of the American Revolution. Cattle, pigs, and domesticated bees are introduced to the Cherokee. Entrepreneur and colonial judge Richard Henderson, his agent Daniel Boone, and other private citizens met with Cherokee Chiefs along the Watauga River on March 17, 1775.  Richard Henderson and Daniel Boone negotiated the cession of all of the land in between the Kentucky, Ohio, and Cumberland rivers to the privately owned Transylvania Company, in direct violation of the Royal Proclamation of 1763, assuming the Cherokee tribes they invited “owned” all of that land. Richard Henderson, a North Carolina judge representing the Transylvania Company, meets with three Cherokee Chiefs to purchase all the land lying between the Ohio, Kentucky, and Cumberland Rivers—about 17 to 20 million acres. It becomes known as the Treaty of Sycamore Shoals or The Henderson Purchase. The purchase is later declared invalid, but the land acquisition is not reversed. The Transylvania track of land is created in which the Cherokee allegedly ceded all land south of the Ohio River to Daniel Boone and Richard Henderson. 1775. March 14 – 17. Richard Henderson, Daniel Boone, and several associates met at Sycamore Shoals with Cherokee leaders Attakullakulla, Oconastota, Willanawaw, Doublehead and Dragging Canoe, the latter of whom sought unsuccessfully to reject Henderson's purchase of tribal lands outside the Donelson line, and departed the conference vowing to turn the lands “dark and bloody” if settlers attempted to settle upon them. ATTAKULLAKULLA! OCONASTOTA! WILLANAWAW! DOUBLEHEAD! DRAGGING CANOE! The rest of the negotiations went fairly smoothly, however, and the Treaty of Sycamore Shoals was signed on March 17, 1775. At the same conference, the Watauga and Nolichucky settlers negotiated similar purchases for their lands. The Treaty of Sycamore Shoals, sometimes called the "Transylvania Purchase" (after Henderson's Transylvania Company, which had raised money for the endeavor), basically consisted of two parts. The first, known as the “Path Grant Deed”, regarded the Transylvania Company's purchase of lands in Southwest Virginia (including parts of what is now West Virginia) and northeastern Tennessee. The second part, known as the “Great Big Ole Grant,” acknowledged the Transylvania Company's purchase of some 20,000,000 acres (81,000 km2) of land between the Kentucky River and Cumberland River, which included a large portion of modern Kentucky and northern Tennessee. The Transylvania Company paid for the land with 10,000 pounds sterling of trade goods. After the treaty was signed, Boone proceeded northward to blaze the Wilderness Road, connecting the Transylvania Purchase lands with the Holston settlements. At the conclusion of the Treaty of Sycamore Shoals of 1775, Dragging Canoe spoke against the sale of Cherokee land. He rose and said “Whole Indian nations have melted away like snowballs in the sun before the white man's advance. They leave scarcely a name of our people except those wrongly recorded by their destroyers. Where are the Delawares? They have been reduced to a mere shadow of their former greatness. We had hoped that the white men would not be willing to travel beyond the mountains. Now that hope is gone. They have passed the mountains, and have settled upon Cherokee land. They wish to have that action sanctioned by treaty. When that is gained, the same encroaching spirit will lead them upon other land of the Cherokees. New cessions will be asked. Finally the whole country, which the Cherokees and their fathers have so long occupied, will be demanded, and the remnant of ANI-YUNWIYA Ani-Yunwiya, “THE REAL PEOPLE”, once so great and formidable, will be compelled to seek refuge in some distant wilderness. There they will be permitted to stay only a short while, until they again behold the advancing banners of the same greedy host. Not being able to point out any further retreat for the miserable Cherokees, the extinction of the whole race will be proclaimed. Should we not therefore run all risks, and incur all consequences, rather than submit to further loss of our country? Such treaties may be alright for men who are too old to hunt or fight. As for me, I have my young warriors about me. We will have our lands. A-WANINSKI, I have spoken.” Dragging Canoe's mighty speech had such a strong influence on the chiefs that they closed the Treaty Council without more talk. Yet, the white men prepared another huge feast with rum and were able to persuade the Cherokee Chiefs to sit in another Treaty Council for further discussion of land sale. The land being sought was the primary hunting lands of the Cherokee. Attakullakulla, Dragging Canoe's father, spoke in favor of selling the land, as did Raven, who was jealous of Dragging Canoe's growing power among the young warriors. The deed was signed. Richard Henderson, being very bold, now that his plan was succeeding and they had bought such a huge portion of land, sought to secure a safe path to the new lands. Saying “he did not want to walk over the land of my brothers”, he asked to “buy a road” through Cherokee lands. This last insult was more than Dragging Canoe could tolerate. He became very angry and rising from his seat and stomping the ground he spoke saying “We have given you this, why do you ask for more? You have bought a fair land. When you have this you have all. There is no more game left between the Watauga and the Cumberland. There is a cloud hanging over it. You will find its settlement DARK and BLOODY.” For the next 17 years Dragging Canoe did his best to make the white settlement of these lands “Dark and Bloody”. He attacked the settlers at every opportunity. He became known as “The Dragon” because of his fierce fighting and relentless persuit of destroying all white settlements on what he considered THE REAL PEOPLE'S land. Not much is written about his history, yet he was by far the most ferocious opponent the settlers faced.

1775AD. Boonesborough established.

1775. Late Spring. The total number of white settlers was probably no more than 150, including two women at Boonesborough. (Harrison and Klotter, 1997: 49).

1775. Joseph Martin returned six years later (from 1769) to rebuild Martin's Station, and a few months later became an agent for Richard Henderson's Transylvania Company.

1775AD. Simon Girty, the frontiersman, the white savage, helped General James Wood in 1775 in negotiations with the Shawnee natives, the Seneca natives, the Delaware natives, and the Wyandot natives.

1776AD. Due to the ongoing violence however, by 1776 there were fewer than 200 settlers in Kentucky.

1776. British Virginia declared the Transylvania Land Company illegal and created the county of Kentucky in Virginia from the land involved. Richard Henderson's Transylvania Purchase forced British Virginia's hand, and they created Kentucky County, in order to incorporate the newly “purchased” lands, and even though they declared the purchase “illegal”, the purchase was never undone.

1776AD. John Hinkston was forced to abandon his northerly exposed fort on the banks of the Licking River near present-day Cynthiana. KENTUCKY! The Native American Land Theiving George Washington-British War for Independence breaks out. At the outbreak of the American Revolution, Simon Girty sided with the imperialist revolutionaries (the Americans). Shawnee and Cherokee war parties roamed through Kentucky killing settlers; Shawnee/Cherokee war party captured Daniel Boone's daughter and two friends, rescued after three days, reprisals followed.

1776AD. Cherokee, Delaware, Iroquois, Mingo, Ottawa, Shawnee, and Wyandot meet together in grand council with the British to fight against American colonists. Cherokees along with Wyandots, Mingos, and a group of Shawnees raided the area of Wheeling, West Virginia.  Cherokee are urged by American Indian agents to maintain a peaceful posture.  The Delaware Chief Coquetakeghton, White Eyes, is a congressional representative, and encourages the Cherokee to make peace with the settlers. COQUETAKEGHTON!

1776-1795. The Cherokee–American wars were a series of back-and-forth raids, campaigns, ambushes, minor skirmishes, and several full-scale frontier battles in the Old Southwest from 1776 to 1795 between the Cherokee (Ani-Yunwiya, Tsalagi) and the Americans on the frontier. TSALAGI! ANI-YUNWIYA! Most of the events took place in the Upper South. While their fight stretched across the entire period, there were times, sometimes ranging over several months, of little or no action. The Cherokee leader Dragging Canoe, whom some historians call “the Savage Napoleon”, and his warriors and other Cherokee fought alongside and in conjunction with Indians from a number of other tribes both in the Old Southwest and in the Old Northwest, most often Muscogee (Muskokulke) in the former and the Shawnee (Saawanwa) in the latter. MUSKOKULKE! SAAWANWA! During the Revolution, they also fought alongside British troops, Loyalist militia, and the King’s Carolina Rangers. Open warfare broke out in the summer of 1776 along the frontier of the Watauga, Holston, Nolichucky, and Doe rivers in East Tennessee, as well as the colonies (later states) of the Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. It later spread to those along the Cumberland River in Middle Tennessee and Kentucky. The wars of the Cherokee and the Americans divide into two phases.

1776. December 25-29. Mingo Chief Plucky, of Plucky's Town (modern day Delaware, Ohio), assassinated, 35 years after Simon Girty is born. Pluckee-mee-no-tee is Plucky's full name. Meanwhile, George Washington the terrorist is crossing the Delaware River. In December 1776, Pluggy led a band of thirty (30) warriors up the Ohio and Licking Rivers attacking Harrod's Town on Christmas morning and, later that day, ambushed a 10-man party under John Todd and John Gabriel Jones. The men had been marching down the valley towards the Ohio River, where Jones and George Rogers Clark had stored 500 pounds of gunpowder, when they were attacked killing Jones and another man in the fusillade and capturing another four men in the final charge. The remaining four were able to escape, the story later being told by one of the survivors, pioneer and hunter David Cooper, in the 1987 book The Kentuckians by Janice Holt Giles. Several days later, Chief Plucky arrived at McClelland's Station, a settlement of thirty families located in present-day downtown Georgetown and defended by twenty settlers including frontiersman Robert Todd, Robert Ford, Robert Patterson, Edward Worthington, Charles White and founder John B. McClelland. On 29 December, Chief Plucky led between forty and fifty warriors against the fort and retreated after several hours of fighting leaving a number of men dead including Charles White and John McClelland. During the retreat, Chief Plucky himself was shot and killed by four of the fort's defenders in retribution for the death of McClelland. He was later buried by members of his tribe on a bluff overhanging the nearby spring, and, for a number of years afterwards, a popular legend claimed that the echo heard in the area was the death cry of Chief Plucky.

1776-1783. During the American Revolution, and afterwards, the Shawnee established camps in eastern Kentucky and Tennessee from which they raided encroaching settlers.

1777AD. Daniel Boone was wounded in an Indian raid on Fort Boone, and was carried to safety by Simon Kenton.

1777AD. Cherokees, Mingos, Shawnees, and Wyandots raid the Wheeling, WV area.

1777. September. Simon Girty is charged with treason by the Americans. Simon Girty did not like the structure of military life and frequently clashed with his superiors. In September 1777,  Girty was arrested, and charged with treason for supposedly helping plan the seizure of Fort Pitt (modern day Pittsburgh). The conspirators reportedly hoped to massacre the fort's residents and then turn it over to the British. U.S. authorities eventually acquitted Girty, but his desire to help the U.S. had evaporated.

1777. October 10. Cornstalk Assassinated. “The renowned Shawanoe chieftain and warlord at Point Pleasant, Cornstalk, his son Elinipsico, and two other warriors, Red Hawk and Petalla, were bayoneted under a flag of truce during a parley at Fort Randolph, Virginia.” (Belue). Cornstalk, the Commander-in-Chief of the Shawnee, is assassinated by Virginians under Patrick Henry's authority. “When I was a young man and went to war, I thought that might be the last time, and I would return no more. Now I am here among you; you may kill me if you please; I can die but once; and it is all one to me, now or another time.” This declaration concluded every sentence of his speech. Cornstalk was assassinated one hour after our council. Even though Chief Cornstalk went to Fort Randolf (Point Pleasant) to warn that the Shawnee were going over to the British but ungrateful soldiers murdered Cornstalk; Cornstalk replaced by the more militant Blackfish; Ft. Henry (Wheeling) attacked by 400 Shawnee who burned the settlement; 1777. November 10?.Blackfish and Half King, and 300 Shawnee attacked Fort Randolf (West Virginia). Patrick Henry, the man who replaced Lord Dunmore's dictatorship of Virginia, the man who owned numerous slaves on large plantations, and a land speculator himself, feigned outrage at the attacks (as Tennessee Governor John Sevier will pretend to do with the murder of Chief Red Bird later on), but did little to nothing to bring the murderers to justice.

            Named for King Louis XVI (16^th) of France in appreciation for his assistance during the Revolutionary War, Louisville was founded by George Rogers Clark in 1778.

1778AD. Daniel Boone was captured by the Shawnee Indians along with other men who were making salt. He was adopted into the tribe as the son of the War Chief Black Fish. He escaped after nearly 5 months in captivity. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUVXF6jepLo .

1778AD. American General George Rogers Clark and 178 men captured the British forts on the Ohio River.

1778. February 7. The Capture, and Escape, of Daniel Boone by the Shawnee. After Boone had killed a buffalo, he saw several Shawnee warriors closing in on him. The warriors were part of a larger war party led by Chief Blackfish.Their objective was to avenge the death of Chief Cornstalk who had been a moderate in his dealings with the encroaching Americans. Inconceivable to the Shawnee, Cornstalk—of all people—had been killed by the Americans. The Shawnee had been camped at Hinkston Creek. The four warriors were scouting the area and were on their way back to the camp. They had found Daniel Boone's salt makers at the Blue Salt Licks. Their plan was to kill the salt makers - until they found, and captured, Daniel Boone. Later, Daniel Boone said he was unable to flee the warriors because he was in his mid-40s, and could not run away fast enough. As Boone told the story at his trial, he devised a “stratagem” to save his men and the fort. He told Chief Blackfish he would convince his men to surrender as prisoners of war. More importantly, he told Blackfish he would negotiate the surrender of the fort in the spring. Daniel Boone did indeed talk his men into surrendering. No shots were fired. One of Boone's men - Ansel Goodman - later said: We were ordered by Colonel Boone to stack our guns and surrender, and we did so. (Quoted in The Revolution Remembered: Eyewitness Accounts of the War for Independence, pg. 281). When the hunting party failed to return to the fort, scouts found tracks in the snow that told the story. All the men had been captured by the Shawnee - without a fight. It was this evidence - the lack of any resistance - that ultimately made the inhabitants of Boonesborough suspicious. Why - Boone's fellow officers wondered - had the men failed to resist capture? To Captain Richard Callaway and others, the lack of a struggle indicated some kind of treachery. Amidst all the questions that were raised by the fort leaders, Rebecca Boone left Boonesborough. She returned to her family in Carolina.The Shawnee took the Americans to their camp at Chillicothe. The captives were forced to run the gauntlet. They were extremely upset with the terrible conditions that existed in the camp. They were hungry. They became bitter. They believed they could have defended themselves against the Shawnee.The captives were well aware that Boone had loyalist relatives. Everyone knew that Rebecca's family had been the most prominent of all the Tory (loyalists) families to migrate to Kentucky. Everyone knew that in 1774 Daniel himself had accepted a captain's commission from the British-appointed governor. The captives began to wonder: Whose side was Daniel Boone really on? To make matters worse, once the Shawnee brought their captives to the British settlement Fort Detroit, captives heard Boone talk to the British Lt. Governor. Daniel Boone was overheard hinting to Lt. Governor Henry Hamilton that the Americans inside Boonesborough were in bad shape, and were ready to abandon the American cause. One of the captives, Andy Johnson, escaped. When he returned to Boonesborough, he confirmed the worst suspicions of the fort's leaders. Andy Johnson reported that Daniel Boone was a Tory, and had surrendered his men to the British. Johnson also reported something else: Daniel Boone had taken an oath of allegiance to the British while Boone and his men were at Detroit. Daniel Boone, who had become very fond of Chief Blackfish, was adopted by Blackfish. Because Boone wore a heavy pack and walked slowly, the Shawnee thought he resembled a Turtle. Boone was given the Shawnee name “Sheltowee” which means “Big Turtle”. Knowing that the British and the Shawnee were preparing to attack Boonesborough, Daniel escaped and returned to the fort. There he told the men about the upcoming attack.

1778AD. Simon Girty participates in General Hand's “squaw campaign” of 1778, and is disgusted with fighting for the American Continental Army afterwards. Simon Girty saw, while on the squaw campaign, Americans were murdering innocent natives, old, women, children, willy-nilly.

1778. March 28. AD. Simon Girty leaves Fort Pitt, and offers his services to the British military in Detroit. James Girty, brother of Simon, was then with the Shawnees on the Scioto, having been sent from Fort Pitt by the American authorities on a futile peace embassy. He had been raised among the Shawnees, was a natural savage, and at once joined his brother and the other tories. For 16 years Captain Andrew McKee, Mathew Elliott, and the Girtys, were the merciless scourges of the border. They were the instigators and leaders of many Indian raids, continuing their hostility until long after the close of the “Revolutionary War”.

            On Monk Estill. “Few owners cared about their chattel's history, and often anonymity blurred identity: Cato, Moses, London, Pompey, Caesar, Jack—common names given to slaves whose place in Kentucky history is barely a footnote.” (Belue, pg. 181).

1778. April 4. CARRIED AWAY IN THE NIGHT. On April 10, 1778, the following advertisement was placed in the North Carolina Gazette by Johnson Driggers, a desperate Melungeon father seeking his abducted children. “On Saturday night, April the 4th, broke into the house of the subscriber at the head of Green's Creek, where I had some small property under the care of Ann Driggers, a free Negro woman, two men in disguise, with marks on their faces and clubs in their hands, beat and wounded her terribly and carried away four of her children, three girls and a boy, the biggest of said girls got off in the dark and made her escape, one of the girls name is Becca, and other is Charita, the boy is named Shadrack... “This early newspaper notice describes a common nightmare inflicted on free blacks and mixed Melungeons in the 18th and 19th centuries. The lucrative American slave market prompted man-stealers to prey on African and mixed African communities. Anyone with the slightest amount of African blood might be kidnapped in the middle of the night regardless of their free status.” (Even 11%!?!).

1778AD. Delaware Chief Coquetakeghton, aka White Eyes, is commissioned as a lieutenant colonel in the American rebels army, but is tragically murdered while serving as a guide.

1778. May 12. AD. They set out from Redstone, today's Brownsville, Pennsylvania, taking along 80 civilians who hoped to claim fertile farmland and start a new settlement in Kentucky.

1778. Colonel George Rogers Clark, the alcoholic, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p8Dnh62BdW4 made the first white-anglo-saxon settlement in the vicinity of modern-day Louisville in 1778, during the American Revolutionary War. He was conducting a campaign against the British and native Americans in areas north of the Ohio River, then called the Illinois Country. Clark organized a group of 150 soldiers, known as the Illinois Regiment, after heavy recruiting in Virginia and Pennsylvania.

1778. May 27. AD. George Rogers Clark finds Louisville next to the Waterfalls of the Ohio River. 1778. Lousville was founded in 1778 by George Rogers Clark and is named after King Louis XVI (16^th) of France, making Louisville one of the oldest cities west of the Appalachian Mountains. They arrived at the Falls of the Ohio on May 27. It was a location Clark thought ideal for a communication post. The settlers helped Clark conceal the true reason for his presence in the area. The regiment helped the civilians establish a settlement on what came to be called Corn Island, clearing land and building cabins and a springhouse. GR Clark set up his base of operations near the Falls, on the now submerged Corn Island, close by the foot of Twelfth Street on May 27, 1778. With his hardy band of men, Clark helped to gain the area that was to become the nation's Midwest for the American cause. In quick succession, three forts were constructed here to house Clark's troops and their... “By April they called it “Louisville”, in honor of King Louis XVI of France, whose government and soldiers aided colonists in the Revolutionary War. Today, George Rogers Clark is recognized as the great white founder of Louisville, and many landmarks are named after him. FORT ON SHORE. During its earliest history, the colony of Louisville and the surrounding areas suffered from Indian attacks, as Native Americans tried to push out the encroaching colonists. As the Revolutionary War was still being waged, all early residents lived within forts, as suggested by the earliest government of Kentucky County, Virginia. The initial fort, at the northern tip of today's 12th street, was called Fort-on-Shore.”

1778AD. June 24. George Rogers Clark took his soldiers and left to begin their military campaign.

1778. July. AD. George Rogers Clark and his men crossed the Ohio River from Kentucky and took control of Kaskaskia, Vincennes, and Cahokia in British territory (Indiana, the land of Indians). The occupation was accomplished without firing a shot because most of the Canadian and American Indian inhabitants were unwilling to take up arms on behalf of the British Empire. To counter Clark's advance, Henry Hamilton, the hair-buyer, the British lieutenant governor at Fort Detroit, reoccupied Vincennes with a small force.

1778. September. AD. The Shawnee appeared outside Fort Boonesborough. Chief Blackfish called for SHELTOWEE “Sheltowee,” his son (Daniel Boone). Daniel Boone's actions immediately thereafter convinced some of his fellow officers that he was guilty of treason. Also, in 1778, September, Richard Calloway brought Daniel Boone up on charges of treason, for being a British agent. 1778. AD. Shawnee Indians attacked Fort Boonesborough, seige lasted 13 days.

1778. “Euchee Town” (also called Uche Town), a large settlement on the Chattahoochee River, was documented from the middle to late 18th century. It was located near Euchee (or Uche) Creek about ten miles downriver from the Muscogee Creek settlement of Coweta Old Town. The naturalist William Bartram visited Euchee Town in 1778, and in his letters called it the largest and most compact Indian town he had ever encountered, with large, well-built houses. Benjamin Hawkins also visited the town and described the Yuchi as “more orderly and industrious” than the other tribes of the Creek Confederacy. However, the Yuchi began to move on, some into Florida, and during the Creek War of 1813–1814 many joined the Red Sticks party. Euchee Town decayed and the tribe became one of the poorest of the Creek communities, at the same time gaining a bad reputation. The archaeological site of the town, designated a National Historic Landmark, is within the boundaries of present-day Fort Benning, Georgia. The Federal Government considers the Yuchi part of the Creek Indians. The Yuchi were known to have widely scattered villages that ranged from Florida to Illinois, and from the Carolina coast to the Mississippi River. Legend has it that the tribe split in half over politics, and the fate of remaining half is not known. This actually seems to have happened several times over the past as portions of the tribe were absorbed into the Shawnee, Lenape, Cherokee and Creek peoples, as well as into the dominant culture. We do know that for at least 6 or 8 centuries much of what is now Tennessee was occupied by a tribe with cultural characteristics that like the Mouse Creek site had significant elements of the Yuchean cultural footprint. The Yuchi villages were very often intermingled with those of the neighboring tribes. It was widely theorized that the Yuchi in their widely scattered villages throughout the Southeastern United States, represented the original inhabitants prior to the influx of the Muskhogean, Iroquoian, and Algonkian Peoples. The Yuchi themselves avow that only the Algonkian (Lenape) were already here when they came—and call them the “Old Ones” still. It is certain that the Yuchi were among the Mound-building People, and therefore among the oldest recognizable permanent residents of the Southeast United States. They held a pivotal role in this rather sophisticated society as priests, leaders and traders in what was a very metropolitan culture.

1779. AD. The nephew of White Eyes serves as an Indian agent for the American Army and leads Cherokee Chief Crow and a party of eleven Cherokee men and two women, to the Delaware capital located at present-day Coshocton, Ohio.

1779AD. William “Carrot Top” Wells' family moved to Kentucky when William was a small child, and his mother died soon after. Wells' father was killed in an Indian raid on Beargrass Creek at what became Louisville, and the young boy was sent to live with a family friend. KENTUCKY!

1779AD. Washington's Genocide of the Iroquois aka The Sullivan Campaign. George Washington, the genocidal terrorist, ordered the Sullivan Campaign, led by Colonel Daniel Brodhead and General John Sullivan, against the Iroquois nations to “not merely overrun, but destroy,” the British-Indian alliance. They burned many Iroquois villages and stores throughout western New York; refugees moved north to Canada. By the end of the war, few houses and barns in the valley had survived the warfare. George Washington wiped the Iroquois out, for good. 1779. As the British concentrated on the southern United States in 1779, General George Washington took action against the Six Nations. He instructed General John Sullivan to attack and destroy Six Nations villages in upper New York. Leading about 5,000 troops, Sullivan defeated the Six Nations forces in the Battle of Newtown, then destroyed over 40 Six Nations villages and all their stored crops in the fall of 1779. Because of the social disruption and crop losses, most of the Six Nations men, women, and children died of starvation that winter. Many Six Nations families retreated to Fort Niagara and other parts of Canada, where they spent a cold and hungry winter. Their power in the present-day United States territory was lessened, and their claim to the Northwest Territories was challenged.

1779. February. GR Clark returned to Vincennes in a surprise winter expedition, which he's most famous for, and retook the town, capturing Hamilton in the process. Virginia capitalized on Clark's success by establishing the region as Illinois County, Virginia. Clark burns down Vincennes. Hilarious video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kSepZ6xkbvA

1779AD. 300 mounted Kentucky Volunteers crossed into Ohio, and burned Old Chilicothe and killed Bal; Kispoko and Piqua had returned to Ohio, but soon left for Spanish Louisiana; Large groups of Shawnee had left Ohio in, and settled in southeast Missouri.

1779AD. The familiar Siege of Boonesborough was history, and the Battle of Blue Licks still three years in the future. That fall, Isaac Ruddle, Simon Kenton, John Hinkston, ex-soldiers and other frontiersmen rebuilt John Hinkston's fort which became known as Ruddle’s Station. Ruddles was also known as “Fort Liberty”. Five miles to the South East was the site of John Martin’s smaller Station on Stoner Creek.

1779. Fall. In the Fall of 1779, Natives allied with the British attacked a company of men under Col. David Rogers and Captain Robert Benham near Cincinnati; only a handful of soldiers survived the attack. Benham later served as Packhorse Master under generals Harmar, St. Clair and Wayne during the wars of the...

1779. October 1. AD. Simon Girty and Alexander McKee, another Scots-Irish Loyalist, with the aid of a large force of Native Americans, attacked and killed American forces in present-day Kentucky, who were returning from an expedition to New Orleans. The ambush occurred near Dayton, Kentucky, across the Ohio River from Cincinnati, Ohio. Only a handful of the Americans survived, among them Colonel John Campbell and Captain Robert Benham.

1779AD. The first real surge of settlers came after Clark's campaign of 1778-79 seemed to promise greater security for the Kentucky stations. So many persons left Fort Pitt that officers there feared it's depopulation. (Harrison and Klotter, 1997: 49).

1780s

1780AD. Frankfort was named after a Jewish frontiersman settler martyr, Stephen Frank, who was killed by an 1780 Ameri-Indian raid when he was boating on the Kentucky River (Harrison and Klotter, 1997: 103). James Wilkinson named Frankfort because he owned the land Stephen Frank, the salt licker, died on. And the Kentucky River. James Wilkinson wanted Kentucky to join the Spanish Empire, which would have had Kentuckians speaking a Spanish tongue.

“SIMON GIRTY—for many years the scourge of the infant settlements in the West, the terror of women, and the bugaboo of children. ~Daniel Boone.

1780. Spring. John Floyd wrote from the Falls of the Ohio that “near 300 large boats have arrived this spring at the Falls with families.” He estimated that the stations on or near Beargrass Creek contained at least 600 men. (Harrison and Klotter, 1997: 49). During 1780, three hundred families immigrated to the area, Louisville's first fire department was established, and the first street plan of Louisville was laid out by Willian Pope.

1780s. The battle of Kings Mountain is fought by Cherokee Chief Doublehead and King David Benge.  The Virginia county of Kentucky is subdivided in to three counties—Jefferson, Lincoln, and Fayette.

1780. The Population in Kentucky is 45,000. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States

1780AD. It was as Governor of Virginia that Thomas Jefferson signed the first town charter of Louisville in 1780. The Virginia General Assembly approved the town charter of Louisville. The city was named in honor of King Louis XVI of France, whose soldiers were then aiding Americans in the Revolutionary War. Early residents lived in forts to protect themselves from Indian raids, but moved out by the late 1780s.

1780. May 1. Louisville is Established. In 1780, the Virginia General Assembly and then-Governor Thomas Jefferson approved the town charter of Louisville on May 1. Clark recruited early Kentucky pioneer James John Floyd, who was placed on the town's board of trustees and given the authority to plan and lay out the town. Jefferson County, named after Thomas Jefferson, was formed at this time as one of three original Kentucky counties from the old Kentucky County, Virginia. Louisville was the county seat.

            “Whereas, Sundry Inhabitants of the County of Kentucky have at great expense and hazard settled themselves upon certain lands at the falls of Ohio said to be the property of John Connolly and have laid off a considerable part thereof into half-acre lots for a town, and having settled thereon have preferred petitions to this general assembly to establish the said town. Be it therefore enacted that one thousand acres of land being the forfeited property of the said John Connolly adjoining to the lands of John Campbell and Taylor be and the same is hereby vested in John Todd, Jr., Stephen Trigg, George Slaughter, John Floyd, William Pope, George Meriwether, Andrew Hines, James Sullivan, and Marsham Brashears Gent Trustees to be by them or any four of them laid off into lots of an half-acre each, with convenient streets and public lots, which shall be and the same is hereby established a town by the name of Louisville. And be it further enacted, that after the said lands shall be laid off into lots and streets, the said trustees or any four of them shall proceed to sell the said lots, or so many as they shall judge expedient, at public auction for the best price that can be had the time and place of sale being previously advertised two months, at the court house of the adjacent counties, the purchasers respectively to hold their said lots subject to the condition of buildlng on each a dwelling house sixteen feet by twenty at least with a brick or stone chimney to be finished within two years from the day of sale. And the said trustees or any four of them shall and they are hereby empowered to convey the said lots to the purchasers thereof in fee simple, subject to the condition aforesaid, on payment of the money arising from such sale to the said trustees for the uses hereafter mentioned, that is to say: If the money arising from such sale shall amount to $30.00 per acre, the whole shall be paid by said trustees into the treasury of this Commonwealth, and the overplus if any, shall be lodged with the Court of the County of Jefferson, to enable them to defray the expenses of erecting the public buildings of the said county. Provided that the owners of lota already drawn shall be entitled to the preference therein upon paying to the said trustees the sum of $30.00 for such half-acre lot and shall be thereafter subject to the same obligations of selling as other lot holders within the said town. And be it farther enacted that the said trustees or the major part of them shall have power from time to time to settle and determine all disputes concerning the bounds of the said lots and to settle such Rules and Orders for the regular building thereon as to them shall see best and most convenient. And in the case of death or removal from the County of any of the said trustees the remaining trustees shall supply such vacancies by electing of others from time to time, who shall be vested with the same powers as those already mentioned. And be it farther enacted, that the purchasers of the lots in the said town, so soon as they shall have saved the same according to their respective deeds of conveyance shall have and enjoy all the Rights Privileges and Immunities which they freeholders and Inhabitants of other towns in this state not incorporated by charter have hold and enjoy. And be it farther enacted that if the purchaser of any lot shall fail to build thereon within the time before limited the said trustees or a major part of them may thereupon enter into such lot and may either sell the same again and apply the money towards repairing the streets or in any other way for the benefit of the said town or appropriate such lot to public uses for the benefit of the Inhabitants of the said town. Provided that nothing herein contained shall extend to affect or injure the title of lands claimed by John Campbell Gentleman or those persons whose lots have been laid off on his lands but that their titles be and rernain suspended until the said John Campbell shall be relieved from his captivity.”

A true copy, May 1780

Th. Jefferson (signed)

http://web.archive.org/web/20031009071015/http://www.cathedral-heritage.org/concisehistory/charter.html

1780. The Population of Louisville is 30. http://books.google.com/books?id=Hx48AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=kentucky+population+1780&source=bl&ots=xmAiQEanTS&sig=OYtGgO1FJXIo82Glr8Pk5aZkLeg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=99D6U5DAHI6ryAT4hoCAAQ&ved=0CG8Q6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=kentucky%20population%201780&f=false

1780. George Rogers Clark attacks Shawnee villages on Mad River taking only seven prisoners. George Rogers Clark burned Chillicothe, a Shawnee town, down, again; crops, homes, and all. Most inhabitants of “Old” Chillicothe (Shawnee) could speak 3 or 4 languages. Daniel Boone was with George Rogers Clark in a scorched earth terroristic campaign against the Shawnee Indians north of the Ohio River. Chillicothe was the first and third capital of Ohio and is located in southern Ohio along theScioto River. The town's name comes from the Shawnee Chala·ka·tha, named after one of the five major divisions of the Shawnee people, as it was the chief settlement of that tribal division. The Shawnee and their ancestors inhabited the territory for thousands of years prior to European contact.

CHALAKATHA!

1780. June. A mixed force of British and Indians, including Shawnee, Delaware, Wyandot and others, from Detroit invaded Kentucky with cannons, capturing two fortified settlements and carrying away hundreds of prisoners.

1780. June. “The hostile disposition of the savages and their allies caused General Clarke, the commandant at the Falls of the Ohio, immediately to begin an expedition with his own regiment, and the armed force of the country, against Pecaway, the principal town of the Shawanese, on a branch of Great Miami, which he finished with great success, took seventeen scalps, and burnt the town to ashes, with the loss of seventeen men.” ~Daniel Boone.

1780. August. Clark led a retaliatory force that won a victory at the Shawnee village of Peckuwe, at what is now called George Rogers Clark Park near Springfield, Ohio. The next year Clark was promoted to brigadier general by Governor Thomas Jefferson, and was given command of all the militia in the Kentucky and Illinois counties. He prepared again to lead an expedition against Detroit.

1780. Chillicothe, Piqua, and Springfield, Ohio. These villages were destroyed in 1780 by an expedition from Kentucky, under the command of George Rogers Clark. The residents then retired to a fifth Chillicothe, on the Great Miami River. It was against these villages in western Ohio that much of the activity of the Kentucky militia was focused. From the period of Revolution, the Shawnee in this area opposed white settlement and established an alliance of western tribes to resist it actively.

1780. AD. George R. Clark's campaign. “There were orders for every man to go. When we got there, mouth of Licking, we got just six quarts of corn. Might parch, pound, bake, or do as we pleased with it, but that was what we were to get. Some old men that couldn't eat it parched cut down saplins to get a square stump to make a hominy block of. They then spread their blankets over the stumps and pounded their corn on it.” … “At now Cincinnati [was] no cabin at all. Just saplins cut down. A little place stockaded in, saplins ten feet long set on end. The boats were there. Had to leave a guard over them, and some sick, till we returned. Went up to old Chillicothe on the Little Miami. Never saw such a nettle patch in my life as we saw in a bottom on the way. Afterwards came to another bottom where the Indians had had a sugar camp. Beautiful grove of sugar trees. Appearances as if the Indians had been making sugar there. Not just then though. The Indians had left the town. The tories at Boone's Station furnished a man with provision and horses and sent him on to the town to let them know we were coming. We passed his horse, or found it, at the mouth of Licking.”

            “When we came to Old Chillicothe, the Indians had burnt it down, all to some two or three cabins that were full of fur and of deer skins. All the rest they had burned up, except their council house, which had seven head of horses in it. Plenty of corn roasting ears. We let it be there till we came back. Every man then that had a sword or big knife had to work. All were engaged. Some standing sentry, others at work round the big corn field. Had to cross a little prairie before we came to the second town—Pickaway (Piqua) on Mad River—little better than ¼ mile from town. I was pioneer to cut a road for the cannon that day.” (Harry G. Enoch, 2012: 29-31).

1780. June 21-22. Martin's and Ruddle's Station captured by Simon Girty, Blue Jacket, Bird, and others. Working its way without opposition along the Licking River, the vanguard of Bird's force reached Ruddle's Station, surrounding it on the night of June 21. Bird himself arrived the next day with the main body of his force, and cannon fire quickly breached the wooden walls of the station. Isaac Ruddle insisted on having the people under his protection treated as British captives, under the protection of the small British contingent. The Indians ignored this, and rushed into the fort to plunder and pillage. According to Bird “they rushed in, tore the poor children from their mothers' breasts, killed and wounded many.” After the Indians had divided the prisoners and loot to their satisfaction, they wanted to continue on to the next station. Bird successfully got them to agree that prisoners taken in the future would be turned over to them at British discretion. Martin's Station, not far from Ruddle's was similarly surprised, and surrendered. The Indians honored the bargain with Bird, and the prisoners were given over to the British soldiers. While the Indians next wanted to attack Lexington, the largest settlement in the area, Bird ordered the expedition to end, citing depletion of provisions and reduced waterflow on the Licking River for the transport of the field cannons. Ruddle's and Martin's Forts. Coming in the summer of 1780 with an army of more than a thousand British regulars, Canadian volunteers, Indians and Tories, and bringing the first cannon ever used against the log forts of the wilderness, he captured 470 men, women and children, loaded them down with the plunder from their own cabin homes, and drove them on foot from Central Kentucky to Detroit, a distance of 600 miles.

1780. June 27. AD. Westervelt Family Massacre. Seventeen (17) Dutch settlers killed and two (2) taken captive out of a caravan of 41. The settler caravan was traveling between Low Dutch Station, Kentucky and Harrod's Town, Kentucky. The victims were all scalped and sold to the British for a bounty.

1780, October 6. AD. Neddy Boone killed by Kentucky Redskin Injun Indian natives. Daniel and Neddy Boone were returning from a trip to the Blue Licks to make salt and to do a little hunting. They stopped along a stream in Bourbon County to rest and let their horses drink. Edward (“Neddy”) sat down by the stream near an old Buckeye tree and was cracking nuts, while Daniel went off into the woods in pursuit of game. Indians lurking nearby shot and killed Edward, but Daniel managed to escape. He ran all the way on foot to Boone Station where they were all living at the time with about fifteen other families near present-day Athens. The next morning Daniel and a party of men in the area went in search of Edward’s killers. They did not find the Indians, but found and buried Edward near that old Buckeye tree. Ned’s daughter Sarah in a letter to Draper said her father had been horribly cut by the Indian’s knives. Today in that very spot stands an old Buckeye tree. The creek was afterward named Boone Creek in honor of Edward’s death there … Killed by Indians in Bourbon Co, KY, while with brother Daniel, near present-day community of Little Rock. Edward was buried beneath an old Buckeye Tree where he was shot. The address of the grave today is 870 See Road, ½ mile north of the junction of KY Hwy. 537 & See Road. “I went in company with my brother to the Blue Licks; and, on our return home, we were fired upon by a party of Indians. They shot him, and pursued me, by the scent of their dog, three miles, but I killed the dog and escaped. The winter soon came on and was very severe, which confined the Indians to their wigwams.” ~Daniel Boone.

1780. October 7. AD. At the decisive Battle of Kings Mountain, October 7, 1780, there were Cherokee warriors from Kentucky fighting on both sides (Tanner, 1978). John Sevier, John Crockett, and Isaac Shelby fought in this in the Carolinas.

Late 1780 – March 1781. In response to the threat of British attacks, particularly Bird's invasion of Kentucky, a larger fort called Fort Nelson was built north of today's Main Street between Seventh and Eighth streets, covering nearly an acre in Louisville, Kentucky. The GB￡15,000 contract was given to Richard Chenoweth, with construction beginning in late 1780 and completed by March 1781. The fort, thought to be capable of resisting cannon fire, was considered the strongest in the west after Fort Pitt. Due to decreasing need for strong forts after the Revolutionary War, it was in decline by the end of the decade

1780. Winter. AD. The winter soon came on, and was very severe, which confined the Indians to their wigwams. The severities of this winter caused great difficulties in Kentucky. The enemy had destroyed most of the corn the summer before. This necessary article was scarce and dear, and the inhabitants lived chiefly on the flesh of buffalo. The circumstances of many were very lamentable; however, being a hardy race of people, and accustomed to difficulties and necessities, they were wonderfully supported through all their sufferings, until the ensuing autumn, when we received abundance from the fertile soil.

1780. December 25. AD. Then Governor Thomas Jefferson of Virginia penned a long letter of instructions to George Rogers Clark authorizing a giant campaign to drive the British from Detroit the next year. Men and horses along with four tons of cannon powder, camp kettles, rations, tents, medicine, and clothing together with cannon and artillery were to be floated down the Ohio from Fort Pitt on 100 barges. But the men needed to fight the campaign could never be raised. Plans for Detroit were abandoned. He would float down the Ohio with what men he had—some 400, in hopes of raising more men from Kentucky so that “something clever” might yet be done.

1781AD. Cherokee and Shawnee warriors force Euroamericans out of their homesteads along the Cumberland River area.

1781. “Peter Kennedy. A band of Indians came into Hardin County, Kentucky, and after committing numerous depredations and killing some women and children, were pursued by the whites. During the pursuit a portion of the Indians, who were on stolen horses, took a southerly direction so as to strike the Ohio about where Brandenburg is now situation; while the other party, who were on foot, attempted to cross the Ohio at the mouth of Salt River. The whites pursued each party, the larger portion following the trail of the horses—the smaller, the foot party. Among the latter was the hero of this sketch, Peter Kennedy.” http://books.google.com/books?id=Ix0-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA504&lpg=PA504&dq=Kekewepellethe&source=bl&ots=dc4n8yIR07&sig=zu1OEQHjGxR4mbz6mYBODNwxJBk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7nLzU-vrDcnvoAS3roGYCw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Kekewepellethe&f=false

1781. August. Although Washington transferred a small group of regulars to assist Clark, the detachment was disastrously defeated in August 1781 before they could meet up with Clark, ending the campaign.

1781. August 8. Clark waited several days near Wheeling for additional men being raised by Col. Archibald Lochry. Finally assuming that Lochry's recruitment efforts had been unsuccessful and finding his own men deserting, Clark started down river for the falls. The timing was a fateful accident of history. On August 8th 1781 Lochry arrived with over 80 men. They had only missed Clark by 12 hours. That narrow failure to make the connection would prove fatal. Lochry reluctantly followed Clark.

1781. August 24. Lochry's group landed on the North shore of the Ohio to cook breakfast and feed their horses. Scouts immediately informed Brant who was just down river waiting. The Indians rushed forward and attacked from the advantage of the high wooded banks. Lochry's men made only a slight resistance before Lochry ordered a surrender. It was a total defeat, not a single man of Lochry's party escaped. In all, 101 men were killed or captured with Lochry's Defeat - 37 killed, 64 taken. A few days later Brant was joined by 100 white men (“Butler's Rangers”) commanded by Captain Andrew Thompson and 300 Indians under the direction of Captain Alexander McKee.

1781AD. The last white fort built was Fort Nelson in 1781, near today's intersection of Seventh and Main, in Louisville, Kentucky. With the end of the Revolutionary War, settlers tentatively moved out of the protective stockade, and the rough young town began to rise. (Photo: Fort Nelson). Louisville, which had been named for King Louis XVI of France in gratitude for French aid in the Revolution, grew very slowly at first. It suffered through occasional floods, malarial-type infections, and the New Madrid earthquakes of 1811-1812. Not until 1828 (with a population of nearly 10,000) did Louisville get around to its official incorporation as a city. From its inception, the town knew social stratifications: working class and shopkeepers living "downtown," while the more affluent settled along the Beargrass Creek to the east in plantations and estates. To this day, Louisville and Jefferson's County's complex street pattern on the east side gives testimony to the importance of this smaller stream on the city's geography and history. http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~kyjeffer/history/concisehistoryoflouisville2.htm

1781. September. AD. John Floyd's Defeat. 1781 making him responsible for the defense of the settlers in the county.The area was regularly being raided by Indians and dozens of settlers had been killed. John Floyd wrote two letters to Thomas Jefferson pleading for support. During a rescue attempt for survivors of a raid in today's present day Shelby County, Kentucky, John Floyd led 27 men there, and was ambushed by Indians. Several of his men were killed, but Floyd managed to escape barely with a couple of his men, and this became known as John Floyd's Defeat. In September 1781, John Floyd led a party of 27 men to rescue survivors from a raid on Squire Boone’s Station in modern Shelby County. His men walked into an ambush and over half of them were killed. John Floyd’s horse was shot out from under him, but he jumped on another mount and got away. “John Floyd’s Defeat,” as the fight came to be known, was a major setback for the Beargrass settlements.

1781. September 13-14. John Floyd's Defeat in Louisville, Kentucky. Long Run Massacre. Friday morning... was a small party that rode out of Linn's Station under Colonel John Floyd early Friday morning September 14th 1781. The party only numbered twenty-seven (27) men, all mounted. East of Linn's Station the men divided into three columns. Colonel Floyd commanded the center column, which marched in the road. Captain Peter A'Sturgis commanded the right, and Lt. Thomas Ravenscraft commanded the left column. In this position they quickly marched east along the wagon road. They were heading for Painted Stone with all possible speed fully expecting to find it under siege. Unfortunately scouts were not sent ahead... out of the twenty-seven men who rode out from Linn's Station that morning, only ten escaped from the defeat. Seventeen (17) were either killed or captured on the spot. Capt. A'Sturgis died somewhere between Floyd's Fork and Linn's as they retreated. Again the Beargrass Stations were shocked by the new horror story told by the survivors of Floyd's defeat as they came in that morning. Colonel Floyd immediately sat down and dashed off the following dispatch to George Rogers Clark at the Falls:

Friday 14th 1/2 past 10 O Clock

Dear General,

            I have this minute returned from a little excursion against the Enemy & my party 27 in number are all dispersed & cut to pieces except 9 who came off the field with Cap A'Sturgis mortally wounded and one other slightly wounded. I don't yet know who are killed. M Ravenscraft was taken prisoner. A party was defeated yesterday near the same place & many Women and Children wounded. I want Satisfaction. Do send me 100 men which number with what I can raise will do. The Militia has no good powder. Do send some

I am
Jn Floyd

I can't write guess at the rest

            The day after Floyd's Defeat, a force of 300 men from the Falls and Beargrass made a long rapid march in the hot weather to rescue the families of Squire Boone and the Widow Hinton at Painted Stone. It was a humiliating defeat for Colonel John Floyd, but not totally without some benefit. Despite their surprise, Floyd's men had succeeded in inflicting several casualties on their Indian attackers. After Floyd had been driven off, Joseph Brant and Alexander McKee vigorously proposed that the Indians follow up their success by taking Squire Boone's Station on their way back or at least, as McKee said: "endeavor to draw them out, destroy their cattle, and otherwise distress them." But the Hurons were so discouraged by the loss of their chief that they wanted only to return North of Ohio as soon as possible. With the Hurons, all the Indians turned homeward.             Floyd's defeat thus saved the few inhabitants of Painted Stone from almost certain death or captivity. A day earlier, settlers at Painted Stone Station, established by Squire Boone, had learned that the fort was about to be raided by a large Indian war party under the command of British Captain Alexander McKee. Most chose to abandon that station for the better manned ones near Beargrass Creek, and had left the injured Boone and one other family behind. Some settlers hesitated for two days before moving toward Linn's Station. Following the loss of part of their military guard, the party was ambushed at thirteen-mile tree, 8 miles (13km) from Linn's Station. At least seven settlers were killed; Indian losses are unknown. The survivors fled and reached Linn's Station by nightfall. The Long Run Massacre was one of the largest and certainly one of the bloodiest massacres in Kentucky history. A fairly complete list of the victims can be pieced together. There were no more than 15 killed. Tragic as this was, most accounts grossly exaggerate the number of victims. For example, the Kentucky Highway Marker along U.S.60 near Long Run perpetuates in bronze for the passing motorist that the Indians “killed over 60 pioneers.” During a rescue attempt for survivors of a raid in today's present day Shelby County, Kentucky Floyd lead 27 men there and he was ambushed by Indians. Several of his men were killed, but Floyd managed to escape barely with a couple of his men, and this became known as Floyd's Defeat. Thirty-two (32) settlers killed by 50 Miami people while trying to move to safety, additionally approximately 15 settlers and 17 soldiers were killed attempting to bury the initial victims. The Long Run Massacre occurred on 13 September 1781 at the intersection of Floyd's Fork creek with Long Run Creek, along the Falls Trace, a trail in what is now eastern Jefferson County, Kentucky. Despite historical markers and at least one published report indicating that at least 60 people were killed and only a few escaped, only about 15 settlers were actually killed, followed by 17 soldiers under Colonel John Floyd who were attacked the following day when they went to bury their remains. During the second engagement, however, a Wyandot chief present was killed, which led to the dispersal of the Indian forces and the end of McKee's raid. Reenactments are held annually at Floyd's Ford Park which is at the site of the massacre.

1781. October 19. Battle of Trenton. Military campaigns during the American Revolution officially ended on October 19th 1781, at the Battle of Trenton, which was just a little more than a month after the Long Run Massacre and Floyd's Defeat. White hostilities against native Americans on their own soil still continued.

1782AD. William “Carrot Top” Wells was taken captive by Miami while on a hunting trip. Wells was 12 years old. Wells was adopted by a chief named GAVIAHATE Gaviahate (“Porcupine”), and raised in the village of Kenapakomoko, on the Eel River in northern Indiana. His Miami name was “APEKONIT” “Apekonit” (carrot), perhaps in reference to his red hair. He seems to have adapted to Miami life quite well, and accompanied war parties- sometimes as the decoy.

1782. March 8. Ohio. The Gnadenhutten Massacre. Also known as the Moravian massacre, as the wholesale slaughter of 96 Christian Lenape (Delaware) natives by colonial American militia from Pennsylvania on March 8, 1782 at the Moravian missionary village of Gnadenhutten, Ohio.

1782. March 19—March 22. AD. Estill's Defeat, and William Irvine's groin shot. On March 19, 1782, an event occurred that was to cost Captain James Estill his life, and would forever immortalize his name. 1782. “William Irvine got his dick shot off”. That's a lie. The truth is Colonel William Irvine, while at Captain James Estill's Defeat, aka Battle of Little Mountain, took “a bullet and two buck shot entering his body a little above the left groin.” (Collins, pg. 531). An empty Indian raft, a sure sign that the Indians were in the area, was seen floating down the Kentucky River past Boonesborough. The alarm was sent to all of the surrounding stations including Captain James Estill’s Station. Captain James Estill immediately rounded up twenty-five (25) men from the nearby stations, and set out to find the Indians. Nearly all of the available men accompanied the search party, and hardly any were left to defend the station. The following morning twenty-five (25) marauding warriors suddenly appeared at Captain James Estill’s Station. A young girl and a slave named Monk were captured during the surprise attack. To the horror of the helpless women in the station, the Indians immediately killed and scalped the girl. Monk, in an effort to save the nearly defenseless women and children, told the braves that there was a strong force of men inside the station. Evidently the ruse worked and the Indians beat a hasty retreat. Two young boys were dispatched to find the search party and inform them of the raid. Captain James Estill’s party had gone to the Kentucky River in what is now Captain James Estill County to look for Indian tracks on the sandy banks of the river. The boys finally caught up with the group on the twenty-first near the mouth of Drowning Creek and gave them the bad news.The trackers soon uncovered the trail left by the Wyandots and the pursuit began. The Indians were fleeing in the direction of what is now Montgomery County. Captain James Estill’s group caught up with them on March 22, 1782, at the Little Round Mountain near present day Mt. Sterling. 1782. March 22. The Battle of Little Mountain, also known as Captain James Estill's Defeat, was fought on March 22, 1782, near Mount Sterling in what is now Montgomery County, Kentucky. One of the bloodiest engagements of the Kentucky frontier, the battle has long been the subject of controversy resulting from the actions of one of Captain James Estill's officers, William Miller, who ordered a retreat leaving the rest of Captain James Estill's command to be overwhelmed by the attacking Wyandots. They came upon three Indians that had stopped on Hinkston Creek to skin a buffalo. The surprised buffalo skinners bolted to the other side of the creek to join the main body of Indians. Heavy gunfire commenced immediately as both sides sought cover behind trees. At the onset of the fight each of the warring groups had about twenty-five members. However, a Lieutenant named Miller, under the pretense of flanking the Indians from the rear, fled the scene with six men leaving the Americans at a disadvantage in the fight. The thickly wooded terrain also favored the Indian mode of warfare.The battle probably was a short one and covered an area of only a few acres. After Miller and his group fled, the Wyandots could detect from the slack firing that their opponents were undermanned. To take advantage of the weakness they rushed across the creek and engaged Captain James Estill’s force in hand-to- hand combat with knives and tomahawks. At least seven and perhaps nine of Captain James Estill’s men were killed in the charge. Captain Captain James Estill, who was recuperating from a broken arm from a previous battle, was again wounded during the charge. Captain James Estill became engaged in a knife fight with an Indian much larger than himself. When his weak arm gave way, his adversary was able to plunge a knife into Captain James Estill’s chest rendering a mortal wound to his heart. Joseph Proctor was watching the unequal struggle but was unable to get a clear shot at the Indian until after Captain James Estill fell. Proctor immediately killed the Wyandot but never publicly acknowledged it because of his religious beliefs that prohibited killing. Proctor would only say that he never heard of that big Indian doing any more mischief. William Irvine, for whom our county seat is named, also was wounded in the battle. Irvine was shot in the groin and a Wyandot warrior, seeing his weakened condition, moved in for the kill. Irvine repeatedly bluffed the Indian with an unloaded rifle. Joseph Proctor, who could not reach his fallen comrade, advised him to mount the horse belonging to the slain James, and ride to safety. After several attempts the badly wounded Irvine was able to get on the horse and ride to a designated spot where Proctor could help him. At great risk to his own personal safety, Joseph Proctor found Irvine and escorted him to Bryan’s Station some twenty miles distant. Irvine eventually recovered and lived nearly forty more years.A group of fifty men returned to the battle site to bury the dead and were overcome with the carnage they witnessed. Only a handful of Captain James Estill’s men survived the battle with the Wyandots. The Indians won the skirmish but, according to Wyandot legend, none survived to return to their village. 1782. March 22. Estill's Defeat. “The first fire they knocked a chief down and the Indians all run. He jabbered some things and they all set in and fought to their deaths. Killed nearly half and half.” (Harry G. Enoch :58). 1782. March 22. Helped bury the dead in [Captain James] Estill's defeat, but you couldn't tell one from another, the wolves and ravens had eaten them so. One man killed two Indians at the crossing of Hinkston Creek. Couldn't tell who they were, only as those who had been in the battle could tell us.” (Harry G. Enoch, 2012: 24).

1782. May. “Toward spring we were frequently harassed by Indians; and in May, 1782, a party assaulted Ashton's station, killed one man, and took a negro prisoner. Captain Ashton, with twenty-five men, pursued and overtook the savages, and a smart fight ensued, which lasted two hours; but they, being superior in number, obliged Captain Ashton's party to retreat, with the loss of eight killed, and four mortally wounded; their brave commander himself being numbered among the dead.”

1782. June 11. AD. Butcher William Crawford burned at the Stake. Girty was present, was jolly, and laughing, merrily, during the ritual torture, and execution of William Crawford by the Lenape (Delaware) war chief Captain Pipe, http://www.thefullwiki.org/Captain_Pipe in retaliation against the Gnadenhutten massacre. William Irvine was the man who convinced Crawford to come out of retirement, for “one last savage barbaric hoorah”, which turned into the failed Sandusky River campaign that ended his life. Sometimes one can win with a bigger and better military, or, because of the other side's incompetence.

1782. AD. “Individual Cherokee political alliances had become extremely complex. Some traveled to St. Louis, Missouri, to seek protection from the Spanish government, while others moved north and joined the Shawnee on the Scioto River where they received supplies and council from the British military. At the same time, representatives of the Wyandot, Chippewa, Ottawa, and Potawatomi traveled to the Cumberland River valley to council with the Cherokee about joining them in an all out war against the United States” (Tanner 1978).

1782. August 10^th. “The Indians continued their hostilities; and, about the 10th of August following, two boys were taken from Major Hoy's station. This party was pursued by Captain Holder and seventeen men, who were also defeated, with the loss of four men killed, and one wounded. Our affairs became more and more alarming. Several stations which had lately been erected in the country were continually infested with savages, stealing their horses and killing the men at every opportunity. In a field, near Lexington, an Indian shot a man, and running to scalp him, was himself shot from the fort, and fell dead upon his enemy.”

1782. August 15^th. “Every day we experienced recent mischiefs. The barbarous savage nations of Shawanese, Cherokees, Wyandots, Tawas, Delawares, and several others near Detroit, united in a war against us, and assembled their choicest warriors at Old Chilicothe, to go on the expedition, in order to destroy us, and entirely depopulate the country. Their savage minds were inflamed to mischief by two abandoned men, Captains McKee and Girty. These led them to execute every diabolical scheme, and on the 15th day of August, commanded a party of Indians and Canadians, of about five hundred in number, against Bryant's station, five miles from Lexington. Without demanding a surrender, they furiously assaulted the garrison, which was happily prepared to oppose them; and, after they had expended much ammunition in vain, and killed the cattle round the fort, not being likely to make themselves masters of this place, they raised the siege, and departed in the morning of the third day after they came, with the loss of about thirty killed, and the number of wounded uncertain. Of the garrison, four were killed, and three wounded.”

1782. August 19. AD. Israel Boone dies. Simon Girty was shooting at Daniel Boone and the “revolutionary” Kentuckians, at the Battle of Blue Licks, where 1/13 of Kentucky's militia was slaughtered in under fifteen minutes (Harrison), including Israel Boone, Daniel Boone's son.

1782. Battle of Blue Licks.  More than 600 Shawnee and British soldiers under Major Caldwell attack Bryan’s Station.  Shawnees kill James Estill in battle at Big Mountain, Mount Sterling, Kentucky after having been pursued from Fort Boonesborough.  Chickamauga Cherokee warriors are living with the Shawnee on the Scioto River in Ohio.  They travel to Detroit for supplies and council with the British military.  Twenty representatives of the Chippewa, Ottawa, Potawatomi, and Wyandot travel to the Cumberland River valley to council with the Chicamagua Cherokee about joining them in a war against the United States.  Chiefs of the Chicamauga Cherokee and Chickasaw from Kentucky and Shawnee and Delaware from Ohio, travel to St. Louis to council with the Spanish governor to seek protection.

1782. September 1. AD. Burnt Station Massacre. Attack on Kincheloe Station. A large Negro male slave lived with the whites at Kincheloe Station aka “Burnt Station”, since Fort Kincheloe burnt down completely. 13 died. 30 were taken prisoner.

1782. August. In August 1782, another British-Indian force defeated the Kentucky militia at the Battle of Blue Licks. Although Clark had not been present at the battle, as senior military officer, he was severely criticized in the Virginia Council for the disaster. In response, Clark led another expedition into the Ohio country, destroying several Indian towns along the Great Miami River in the last major expedition of the war.

1782. George Rogers Clark, the great Indian genocider of the Northwest, and his 2^nd Campaign into the Great Northwest. After the white Kentuckians were butcherd by the red Kentuckians at the Battle of Blue Licks, George Rogers Clark goes on an expedition to Ohio. “Had to cross the Big Miami before we got to the town. Then it was on the west or southwest side. Caught, or killed rather, three Indians in the Prairie. Next day two more. Benjamin Logan was sent to a frenchman's store [Peter Loramie's trading post]. Took all that was there and burnt it up. Clark put [John] Sovereign on a stump and kept the Indians talking while he sent the horse along under the bank up the river and around on their rear and caught and killed three, and the next day the other two—making five—the same way. Michael Cassidy, a little Irishman, was in my mess. Got a horse somehow and was along when the three were killed. Came back with his fingers all bloody, was showing me. Had cut off their fingers and noses and ear bobs to get their trinkets. Indians always scalped when they could get a chance. Had a whole full of trinkets that he got. It is the nits, the Indian lice, put on a body's hair that live again. They suppose they have come out of the garments they have boiled and washed so much and therefore are hard to kill, but it is the nits on the hair breeding.” (Harry G. Enoch: pg. 29).

1782. August. “As soon as General Clark, then at the Falls of the Ohio—who was ever our ready friend, and merits the love and gratitude of all his countrymen—understood the circumstances of this unfortunate action, he ordered an expedition, with all possible haste, to pursue the savages, which was so expeditiously effected, that we overtook them within two miles of their towns; and probably might have obtained a great victory, had not two of their number met us about two hundred poles before we came up. These returned quick as lightning to their camp, with the alarming news of a mighty army in view. The savages fled in the utmost disorder, evacuated their towns, and reluctantly left their territory to our mercy. We immediately took possession of Old Chilicothe without opposition, being deserted by its inhabitants. We continued our pursuit through five towns on the Miami River, Old Chilicothe, Pecaway, New Chilicothe, Will's Towns, and Chilicothe—burnt them all to ashes, entirely destroyed their corn, and other fruits, and everywhere spread a scene of desolation in the country. In this expedition we took seven prisoners and five scalps, with the loss of only four men, two of whom were accidentally killed by our own army. This campaign in some measure damped the spirits of the Indians, and made them sensible of our superiority. Their connections were dissolved, their armies scattered, and a future invasion put entirely out of their power; yet they continued to practice mischief secretly upon the inhabitants, in the exposed parts of the country.” ~Daniel Boone.

1782. October. AD. “In October following, a party made an incursion into that district called the Crab Orchard; and one of them, being advanced some distance before the others, boldly entered the house of a poor defenseless family, in which was only a negro man, a woman, and her children, terrified with the apprehensions of immediate death. The savage, perceiving their defenseless condition, without offering violence to the family, attempted to capture the negro, who happily proved an over-match for him, threw him on the ground, and in the struggle, the mother of the children drew an axe from a corner of the cottage, and cut his head off, while her little daughter shut the door. The savages instantly appeared, and applied their tomahawks to the door. An old rusty gun-barrel, without a lock, lay in a corner, which the mother put through a small crevice, and the savages, perceiving it, fled. In the meantime, the alarm spread through the neighborhood; the armed men collected immediately, and pursued the ravagers into the wilderness.”

1783. Daniel Brodhead opened Louisville's firstgeneral store in 1783. He became the first to move out of Louisville's early forts. James John Floyd became the first Judge in 1783 but was killed later that year. Daniel Boone and the Mound Builders: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x8pkvRspGT0 .

1783. AD. The Treaty of Paris is signed, officiall ending the American Revolution.  American Indians were not consulted and did not recognize the English's cession of their land to the United States.  A northern confederacy of Cherokee, Creek, Delaware, Miami, Shawnee, and Wyandot are supplied and encouraged by England.  Chicamagua Cherokee warriors from the Cumberland River valley join the Mingo and Wyandot in a large Indian community on the Mad River, near present-day Zanesville, Ohio.  Kentucky is formed into one district with a court opened at Harrodsburg.

1783. For many years the Iroquois maintained their autonomy, battling the French who were allied with the Huron and the Algonquin, enemy of the Iroquois. Generally siding with the British, a schism developed during the Native American Land Theiving George Washington-British War when the Oneida and Tuscarora supported the Americans. After the American victory, Joseph Brant and a group of Iroquois left and settled in Canada on land given them by the British. Many of the Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca, and Tuscarora stayed in New York, settling on reservations where they continue to live, and many Oneida moved to a reservation in Wisconsin. Although separated geographically, the Iroquois culture and traditions are preserved in these locations. The Iroquois Nation or Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee) was a powerful and unique gathering of Native American tribes that lived prior to the arrival of Europeans in the area around New York State. In many ways, the Constitution that bound them together, THE GREAT BINDING LAW, The Great Binding Law, was a precursor to the American Constitution. It was received by the spiritual leader, Deganawida (The Great Peacemaker), assisted by the Mohawk leader, HIAWATHA Hiawatha, five tribes came together. These were the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca. Later, the Tuscarora joined, and this group of six tribes united together under one law and a common council.

1783. By the end of the American Revolution, the northern boundary of the Cherokee country was moved southward to encompass the land below the Cumberland River. The Final Cession. At the Final Cession, some 38,000 square miles of Cherokee land in Kentucky had been extorted in what some call the Trail of Broken Treaties between the English and United States.

1783. AD. John Floyd was killed in an Indian ambush in 1783 in what is now southern Jefferson County, Kentucky (Louisville). His remains probably lie in the Breckinridge Cemetery in St. Matthews. It is so named, for shortly after his death, his widow, Jane Buchanan Floyd, married Alexander Breckinridge.

1783. AD. Subsequently, many Cherokee warriors from Kentucky joined the northern confederacy of the Shawnee, Delaware, Wyandot, and Miami who continued to be supplied and encouraged by England to defeat the newly formed country. For the next thirteen years, they waged war upon the settlements in their land.

1783AD. September 3. The 2^nd Treaty of Paris. The American Revolution ends. The Cherokee were not consulted, and many did not recognize England's cession of Clay County to the United States. Following the treaty, Daniel Boone personally wanted the Wilderness Road to cut through the Cherokee's sacred ceremonial and burial ground on Goose Creek because he knew the economic importance of salt. While Daniel Boone was never given a contract to extend the Wilderness Road to Goose Creek, he was employed as a Deputy Surveyor of Lincoln County (today known as Clay County) to survey 50,000 acres of Cherokee land for Phillip Moore, James Moore, and John Donaldson. In 1784, with the assistance of William Brooks, Septimis Davis, and Edmund Callaway, Daniel Boone began surveying one mile from the mouth of Sextons Creek. As the surveys increased, so did the conflict between the Europeans and Cherokee (White 1932). 1783. With the end of the war, the Treaty of Paris (1783) with Great Britain gave the United States independence and control of the Northwest Territories, at least on paper. The Six Nations' allies were forced to cede most of their land in New York state to the United States, and many Six Nations families moved on to land reserves in old Quebec Province (now southern Ontario).

1784. AD. The surge of immigration into Kentuck subsided, but resumed in 1784. Virginia paid its soldiers with military land warrants, with the amount of land awarded depending upon a soldier's rank and length of service. The population of Kentucky in 1784 may have doubled, the first year Kentucky farmers raised surplus crops. (Harrison and Klotter, 1997: 48).

1784. March. Kentucky. Joseph Hanks sold his property via a mortgage, and moved his wife, 8 children, and young granddaughter Nancy to Kentucky. The family lived on land along Pottinger's Creek, in a settlement called Rolling Fork in Nelson County, Kentucky, until patriarch Joseph's death in 1793. Nancy Hanks would eventually go on to birth Abraham Lincoln.

1784. Second Treaty of Fort Stanwix is signed, officially disbanding the League of the Iroquois.  Alexander McGillivray, a classically educated mixed-blood Creek, makes a treaty with the Spanish, which provides them with arms.  He and his warriors periodically attack American frontier settlements on the Cumberland River. MCGILLIVRAY!

1784AD. The first courthouse in Louisville was completed in 1784 as a 16 by 20-foot (6.1 m) log cabin. By this time, Louisville contained 63 clapboard finished houses, 37 partly finished, 22 uncovered houses, and over 100 log cabins.

1784-1792. From 1784 through 1792, a series of conventions were held to discuss the separation of Kentucky from Virginia. 1780s and early 1790s, the town was not growing as fast as Lexington in central Kentucky. Factors were the threat of Indian attacks (ended in 1794 by theBattle of Fallen Timbers), a complicated dispute over land ownership between John Campbell and the town's trustees (resolved in 1785), and Spanish policies restricting trade down the Mississippi to New Orleans. By 1800, the population of Louisville was 359 compared to Lexington's 1,759.

1785. January. AD. The Treaty of Fort McIntosh. Generals George Roger Clark and Richard Butler and Parsons negotiate a treaty with the Shawnee at Fort McIntosh located at the mouth of the Great Miami. “At the Treaty of Fort McIntosh, United States commissioners demanded large cessions of land from the Wyandots, Ojibwas, Delawares, and Ottawas. When the Indians objected that the King of England had no right to transfers their lands to the United States, the Americans reminded them they were a defeated people. The delegates made their marks on the treaty dictated to them. Of the Indian tribes north of the Ohio River who had fought against the Americans during the Revolution, only the Shawnees refused to make peace.” (Calloway, pg. 78).

1785. Shippingport, incorporated in 1785, was a vital part of early Louisville, allowing goods to be transported through the Falls of the Ohio.

1785. May. KEKEWEPELLETHE Kekewepellethe, Captain Johnny, was interpreted by Simon Girty. 1785. May. “With Simon Girty interpreting, Kekewepellethe, also known as Captain Johnny, told the Americans, “You are drawing so close to us that we can almost hear the noise of your axes felling our Trees and settling our Country. According to the lines settled by our forefathers, the Ohio is the boundary, but you are encroaching on the grounds given to us by the Great Spirit.” (Calloway, pg. 78).

            Monluntha negotiated the peace treaty at Fort Finny, after Kekewepellethe's performance.

1785. May 31. To make matters worse, a group of Tennessee colonists illegally created the State of Franklin with John Sevier as their Governor. Major Hugh Henry, Sevier, and other representatives of the self-declared state met with Cherokee Chiefs to negotiate the Treaty of Dumplin Creek, which promised to redefine and extend the Cherokee boundary line. Because the United States government did not recognize the State of Franklin (1785-1788), the Treaty of Dumplin Creek was deemed illegal. Sevier and his Franklinites engendered a spirit of distrust between all subsequent treaty-makers and the Cherokee, which led to many bloody conflicts and, ultimately, genocide, ethnocide, and ecocide in Kentucky.

1785. November 28. Treaty of Hopewell, South Carolina. The first official treaty between the United States and Cherokee Nation was negotiated at Hopewell, South Carolina, on November 28, 1785. The Hopewell Treaty included the cession of all land in Kentucky north of the Cumberland River and west of the Little South Fork, including Clay County. Although many Cherokee leaders signed the treaty, representatives from Kentucky did not, which led to a war between the new American settlers and the Cherokee living in the Cumberland River valley. They fiercely resented the intrusion of immigrants and were determined upon their expulsion or extermination. 1785. The Treaty of Hopewell is negotiated between the Cherokee and the United States in which a boundary is allotted to the Cherokees for their hunting grounds along the Cumberland River to the ford where the Kentucky road crosses the river, and to Campbell's line, near Cumberland Gap.  Present-day Pineville, Kentucky was on the Cherokee Boundary Line. Cherokee War Chief Robert Benge begins his infamous attacks. Treaty of Hopewell. The westernmost part of Kentucky, west of the Tennessee River, was recognized as The Chickasaw Lands by the 1786 Treaty of Hopewell, and remained so until they sold it to the U.S. in 1818, albeit under coercion.

Shawnee War Chief Kekewepellethe was also known as Captain Johnny.

1786. Cherokee, Mingo, and Shawnee were killing European colonists in Kentucky. “Resentment flared high, and the attitude taken by the Shawnee after the treaty of Fort Finney gave the Kentuckians an excuse to strike at that tribe. During the summer of 1786, therefore, determined plans were made for expeditions against the Shawnee, and by fall the Kentucky militia was ready to strike. On September 14, General George Rogers Clark, having assembled officers and troops and Clarksville, across the Ohio from Louisville, issued orders to Colonel Benjamin Logan to proceed against the Shawnee for having broken the Treaty of Fort Finney. Logan suddenly descended upon the Shawnee towns on the Great Miami early in October, burned seven of them, killed ten chiefs, and did much damage to the crops and cattle. And as if this unjust attack were not enough, the Shawnee were made victims of a disgraceful incident that took place on the expedition—the murder of Melanthy, friendly Shawnee chieftain, under a flag of true.

1786. January 31. Treaty of Fort Finney between New Amerika, and Shawnee. 1786. January. 150 Shawnee men and 80 women finally came to meet the American commissioners at Fort Finney. In 1765, Shawnees had arrived at Fort Pitt beating drums and singing the song of peace to reach an accommodation with the British. In 1786, Shawnees arrived at Fort Finney in the same way. The oldest chief, Moluntha, a Mekoche civil chief, led the procession, beating a small drum and singing, followed by two young warriors each carrying the stem of a pipe, painted and decorated with eagle feathers and wampum, and by other dancing warriors, all “painted and dressed in the most elegant manner,” reported commissioner Richard Butler. The Shawnee men entered the council house by the west door, the women by the east door, and the dancing warriors waved the eagle feathers over the commissioners. In return for Shawnee compliance, the British argued for “hostages”... more Shawnees for them to keep prisoner, for “just in case” purposes. “The treaty signed by Shawnee Chief Kekewepellethe (Captain Johnny) and the other Shawnee chiefs... was more like a dictated peace treaty than the result of negotiations between two soverign powers. It called for three hostages; the Shawnees acknowledged the United States to be “the sole and absolute sovereigns” of all the territory ceded to it by Great Britain; the United States granted peace to the Shawnee Nation and received the Indians into its friendship and protection and “alloted” lands to them within specified boundaries. Indian criminals against whites were to be delivered up for punishment, and whites illegally settling on the Indians' lands forfeited their government's protection.” http://books.google.com/books?id=DH07ZMdSl0kC&pg=PA52&lpg=PA52&dq=Kekewepellethe&source=bl&ots=eqEDVUCnQT&sig=9ilNcdMQDY4lqdTsDGZ-oD3vMFs&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7nLzU-vrDcnvoAS3roGYCw&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Kekewepellethe&f=false “The treaty at the mouth of the Great Miami did no more to assure peace than had that at Fort McIntosh. The Shawnees had been intimidated into agreeing to its terms and felt justified in repudiating the treaty. Attacks and reprisals continued to mark the relations between the Shawnees and the Kentucky frontiersmen.” (Prucha). “At this grand council, Kekewepellethe, the head Captain of the Shawnees, did make a most insolent speech, and at the end threw down a black or war belt. He said in effect, curtly and fiercely, that they would not give hostages, as required, for the return of all the white flesh in their hands; that it was not their custom; that they were Shawnee and when they said a thing they stood to it, and as for dividing their lands, God gave them the lands; they did not understand measuring out lands, as it was all theirs. As for the goods for their women and children, the whites might keep them or give them to other tribes, as they would have none of them.” (McKnight). Kekewepellethe then arose and spoke as follows: “Brothers, the thirteen fires—we feel sorry that a mistake has caused you to be displeased at us this morning. You must have misunderstood us. We told you yesterday that three of our men were to go off immediately to collect your flesh and blood. We had also appointed persons to remain with you till this is performed; they are here, and shall stay with you. Brethren, our people are sensible of the truths you have told them.” “Kekewepellethe addressed the commissioners in angry tones, and laid down a black string. Colonel Butler replied, giving the Indians their choice of peace or war, telling them shortly that neither the black string nor any other given in such a manner would be received from them. Butler then took up their black string, and contemptuously dashed it upon the table; he threw down a black and white string; and the commissioners left the council. In the afternoon, the Shawanese sent a message to the commissioners, requesting their presence in the council. Upon their attendance, Kekewepellethe expressed regret that there should http://books.google.com/books?id=R0kVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA257&lpg=PA257&dq=Kekewepellethe&source=bl&ots=z7CDoc7NtI&sig=zvvdwHCEJVxCjXH0ewXQDhsqJ1Q&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7nLzU-vrDcnvoAS3roGYCw&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Kekewepellethe&f=false have been a misunderstanding, and, at the conclusion of his humble remarks, presented a white string, and asked for peace. The commissioners responded in appropriate terms, and laid down a whites string, signifying their willingness to grant peace. Colonel Butler adds: “The council then broke up. It was worthy of observation to see the different degrees of agitation which appeared in the young Indians; at the delivery of Kekewepellethe's speech, they appeared raised and ready for war; on the speech I spoke, they appeared rather distressed and chagrined by the contrast of the speeches, and convinced of the futility of their arguments.” --[Olden Time]. (Green, Thomas Marshall). “Brethren...,” Kekewepellethe said, “you have every thing in your power—you are great, and we see you own all the country; we therefore hope, as you have everything in your power, that you will take pity on our women and children... and we agree to all you have proposed, and hope, in future, we shall both enjoy peace, and be secure.”

1786AD. General George Rogers Clark https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itVP1VDebNM negotiates a treaty with the Delaware and Shawnee at the mouth of the Great Miami River, in which the United States are acknowledged as the sole and absolute sovereigns of all the territory ceded by the treaty with Great Britain in 1783.  Clark launches his third expedition against the Shawnee and dispatches Colonel Benjamin Logan with approximately 500 men who travel from Maysville, Kentucky to the Mad River.  They burn eight large Shawnee towns, destroy fields of corn, kill twenty warriors and a Chief, and take seventy to eighty prisoners.  A group of Chicamagua Cherokee from the Cumberland River valley attends a grand council meeting in a Wyandot town, south of present-day Detroit, Michigan.  The council concludes with the establishment of the northern Indian confederacy.

1786. August 18. Abraham Linkhorn was assassinated by Shawnee in Louisville, Kentucky. Abraham is Abraham Lincoln's grandfather. Tom Lincoln, Honest Abe's father, just watched his father Linkhorn get shot by the Shawnee, on his 4,400 acre tract of land, and just sat and watched, and shit his pants, while his older brother Mordecai Lincoln ran into the house, and got his father's gun, and saved Tom, and himself, and others, and the day. Abe Linkhorn was a settler on the Redman's lands. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zxPab6ohiHQ

1786. August 29. AD. Shay's Rebellion, in central and western Massachusetts, begins. This leads to the abandonment of the Articles of Confederation, and a Constitutional Convention is called, and the US Constitution as we know and love it today, is penned.

1786. October. Moluntha, the Commander-in-Chief, is assassinated by Hugh McGary, one of Benjamin Logan's soldiers. Benjamin Logan raises Moluntha's son as his own. Before being butchered by the English-speaking White-Anglo-Saxon- Protestant-Kentuckian-Americans, Moluntha had an American flag raised over his house.

1786. November. AD. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moluntha “At Monluntha's village, the old chief met them carrying a copy of the Fort Finney treaty, while his people hoisted an American flag. Nonhelma, who consistently worked for peace despite the murder of her brother, Cornstalk, was there. The Kentuckians were rounding up their prisoners when Hugh McGary pushed his way forward to Moluntha and asked him if he had been at Blue Licks. Not understanding, the old man apparently nodded, and smiled. Hugh McGary immediately buried his hatchet into Moluntha's skull, and then the Kentuckians burned down Monluntha's village.” (Calloway, pg. 84)

1786. November 15. “Melanthy,” Colonel Harmar wrote on November 15, 1786, “would not fly, but displayed the thirteen stripes, and held out the articles of the Miami Treaty, but all in vain; he was shot down by one of the party, although he was their prisoner.” Alexander McKee reported that the Indians signed because they feared the Americans would burn their villages if they did not. The aggressive attitude and forceful address of the commissioners and the rigid terms of this and other treaties between 1784 and 1786 have justifiably given rise to their being called “dictated treaties”.”  (Downes, Randolph C.).

1787. Nothing happened. All year. Nothing.

1788AD. A British agent puts Kentucky's population at 62,000. (Harrison and Klotter, 1997: 48).

1788. A Mohawk courier sent from New York by Thayendanegea, the Mohawk spokesman Joseph Brant, warns the Cherokee that a war with America is likely to begin in the spring.  Thirteen Cherokees from the Cumberland River valley go to Fort Knox on the Wabash River, near Vincennes, Indiana, to seek traders that will come with them to the Cumberland territory.  Shawnee and Chicamagua Cherokee warriors capture a riverboat on the Ohio River.  John Filson is killed by the Shawnee while surveying the area around Cincinnati, which he had 1/3 interest.

1788. October 1. John Filson, Kentucky's first historian, is murdered by the Shawnee. While on a surveying expedition near the Great Miami River, he disappeared, October 1, 1788, when the party was attacked by hostile Shawnees, and his body was never found.

1788. Robert Benge successfully defeated John Sevier during his attack on the Cherokee village of Ustali on the Hiwassee River in North Carolina. It was during this battle that Thomas Christian coined the term “nits make lice” as he brutally murdered a Cherokee child. It was an incident that Benge never forgot (Summers 1903). Benge repeatedly attacked the families of Sevier's militiamen, including the Livingston homestead near Moccasin Gap, Virginia (King 1976). Paul Livingston and his brother Henry Livingston, sons of Sarah and William Todd Livingston, were officers in the Holsten Militia and thus considered enemies of the Cherokee.

1789. AD. Virgina “Jenny” Sellards-Wiley (born Jean “Jenny” Sellards in 1760 in British Pennsylvania– 1831) was a legendary pioneer woman who was taken captive by native Americans in 1789. Wiley endured the slaying of her brother and children and escaped after 11 months of captivity. Jenny Wiley State Resort Park in Prestonsburg, Kentucky is named in her honor. A Shawnee Chief kidnapped Virginia Sellards Wiley, the 2nd white person in Kentucky, and claimed her as his wife (Harrison 10).

1789AD. Johnson's Defeat. “Some twenty-nine or thirty men went over the Ohio River under Colonel Robert Johnson after some Indians that had been over here—about Georgetown—stealing horses. The Indians had gotten over the river and Johnson followed. Captain Samuel Grant, his brother Moses Grant and one Huston got killed. About three hundred of thirty of us under Colonels Robert Patterson and William Russell went to bury the dead. Jacob Stucker was our pilot. He was generally the pilot till he got married. His wife then opposed his being pilot anymore, and his brother David took his place. David got killed in St. Clair's Campaign. We found two Indians and an Indian-white man. The Indians never left any more Indians on the ground than there were whites killed. The two Indians were beside a log with chunks of soil and sod thrown over them. The white man had a sort of stone wall around him. We examined the place, stripped him and found him a white man.” (Harry G. Enoch, 2012: 86).

1789. July 17. Jefferson County's last Indian massacre occurred on July 17, 1789, when the family of Richard Chenoweth, builder of Louisville's Fort Nelson, was attacked. Three of Chenoweth's children and two soldiers guarding them were killed at the family home on Chenoweth Run about a mile west of Floyds Fork. Mrs. Chenoweth was scalped and left for dead by her attackers, but managed to crawl to the springhouse where she was found early the next morning by a rescue party. Historians say she lived to a ripe old age and covered her hairless scalp with a dainty cap.

1789. October 1. Virginia Sellards Wiley. Thomas set out for a trading post with a horse heavy laden with ginseng to barter for domestic necessaries. That afternoon, Jenny Wiley's brother-in-law, John Borders, heard owl-call signals in the woods that made him suspect Native Americans were in the area and planning an attack. He warned his sister-in-law to pack up her children and leave the cabin, but Jenny wanted to finish some household chores before leaving. A group of eleven Native Americans, composed of two Cherokees, three Shawnees, three Wyandots, and three Delawares stormed the cabin. Jenny and her brother heard the Native Americans coming and tried to barricade the door, and also attempted to fight them off. They killed her younger brother of about fifteen years of age and her children, with the exception of her youngest child of about fifteen months. Jenny, who was expecting her fifth child, and the surviving child were then taken captive. There was some dispute amongst her captors about whether or not to kill her and her baby as they were slowing the party down, but they kept her and her baby alive until the baby became ill. At that point the captors killed the child while Jenny slept. She gave birth shortly thereafter, but that child was also murdered from scalping. The test was to put the baby on a piece of wood and send it down the river; if it cried, they would scalp it. If it did not cry, it'd live.

1790s

1790AD. US Census reports 73,077 people in Kentucky. 11,830 Blacks were slaves, and 114 were free. WEB Du Bois insists Kentucky's first Constitution allowed these free Blacks the right to vote. A modern study concludes that 51.6% of the whites in 1790 were of English descent, 9% Irish, 6.7% Welsh, 4.9% German, 1.6% French, 1.2% Dutch, and 0.2% Swedish. (Harrison and Klotter, 1997: 49).

1790s. “Oliver Spencer, a white captive who lived with the Shawnees in the early 1790s, described the dress of Shawnee women as consisting of a calico shirt extending about six inches below the waist, a skirt or petticoat reaching just below the knee, a pair of leggings, and moccasins. Women of all ages wore basically the same outfit but whereas older women donned plain and simple clothes, young and middle-aged women favored finery. “Young belles” had “the tops of their moccasins curiously wrought with beads, ribbons, and porcupine quills; the borders of their leggings and the bottom and edges of their strouds [a kind of cloth manufactured in England] tastily bound with ribbons, edged with beads of various colors; and frequently on their moccasins and leggings small tufts of deer's hair, dyed red and confined in small pieces of tin, rattling as they walked.” (Calloway, pg. 20).

1790s. Little Turtle's War. Miami Chief Little Turtle led his followers in several major victories against United States forces in the 1790s during the Northwest Indian Wars, also called Little Turtle's War.

1790. June 30. AD. An attack near Morgan's Station happens.

1790. The Morgans seem to have been deserted or left to the care of the Wade brothers. When they harvested their corn that fall, they found that the buffaloes, who would not eat corn, had rolled much of it down by wallowing in the ground made soft by tillage. The bears, however, liked the sweet grain, and had commenced to harvest it when the Wades came to the rescue.

1790-1794. Simon Girty fought, and was a major instigator, in the 1790-1794 General Native American Land Theiving George Washington-British War.

1790. The Population of Louisville is 200 European settlers. http://books.google.com/books?id=Hx48AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=kentucky+population+1780&source=bl&ots=xmAiQEanTS&sig=OYtGgO1FJXIo82Glr8Pk5aZkLeg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=99D6U5DAHI6ryAT4hoCAAQ&ved=0CG8Q6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=kentucky%20population%201780&f=false

1790AD. Harmar's Defeat. 1790. Little Turtle participated in the defeat of American General Josiah Harmar in a battle along the Miami River in 1790.

1790s. By the late 18th century, a Maroon revolt was put down and many of them were transported to Nova Scotia and to Sierra Leone. But outside of this revolt, the Maroons usually aided the British in putting down other Slave revolts from 1745 until 1865.

1790. George Washington’s Indian War and the passage of the Indian Trade and Intercourse Act, which prohibits the sale of Indian land without Federal approval.  Vast sections of the eastern Cherokee land passed from their control after that time.  Shawnee attacks become frequent in northern Kentucky, especially around Maysville, and Kenton’s Station.  The people of Kentucky petition Congress to fight Indians in whatever way they see fit.  A Kentucky board of War is appointed.  King David Benge moves south from Big Hill in Madison County to Fogertown in Clay County, Kentucky. 

1790AD. VIRGINIA. In 1790, counties with more than 10,000 slaves were Amelia and Caroline. Counties with more than 7,500 slaves were Culpeper and Hanover. Counties with more than 5,000 slaves were: Albemarle, Amherst, Brunswick, Chesterfield, Dinwiddie, Essex, Fauquier, Gloucester, Halifax, Henrico, King and Queen, King William, Norfolk, Southampton, Spotsylvania, and Sussex. However, the original tidewater colonies like Virginia, Maryland, Delaware and the Carolinas knew otherwise. Virginia grandfathers from the colonial era could remember the Negro ancestors of the Melungeons even though the issue of black and white marriage had never scandalized them as it did their grandchildren. For the Stoney Creek church, the possibility of sexual attraction between the children of white members and the children of Melungeon members represented a danger. When Stoney Creek's Melungeons members began to move away into Kyle's Ford, Tennessee, the white church members of Virginia breathed a sigh of relief. From time to time, these Melungeons would return to visit Stoney Creek, a 40-mile trip that required a one-night stopover. Sister "Sookie" came under suspicion from other white church members for allegedly "harboring them Melungeons" overnight.

1790AD. The first white church is built in Louisville.

1790. December. George Washington declares a Genocidal Holy War to be fought against the natives in Ohio Country. Although most American history books do not include this war, it was the first to be declared by Congress in 1790. It has been referred to as President George Washington's Indian War—the struggle for the old northwest. In December of 1790, Kentucky settlers petitioned Congress to fight the Cherokee in whatever way they saw fit.

1791. The Revolution drove other Shawnee to take refuge with the Creeks, and in 1791, they had four villages in the Montgomery area along the Tallapoosa, and upper Alabama rivers. Following the Creek War of 1814, the Shawnee gradually abandoned the state.

1791. The Kentucky Board of War authorizes the destruction of Indian towns and food resources by burning their homes and crops.  The Treaty of Holston places the boundary between citizens of the United States and the Cherokee Nation from the top of Cumberland Mountain to the Cumberland River where the Kentucky Road crosses it, then down the Cumberland River to a point from which a south west line will strike the ridge which divides the waters of Cumberland River. The Treaty of Holston calls for their advancement through farm tools and technical advice.  James Kilpatric was killed by a party of Cherokee on Poor Valley Creek, about 17 miles from Hawkins Courthouse and 3 miles from the main Kentucky Road.  Michikinqua, Little Turtle, War Chief of the Miami Nation, lead the northern Indian confederation against General Arthur St. Clair resulting in the worst defeat ever suffered by the United States Army at the hands of American Indians.  More than 600 Kentuckians, including 16 officers, were killed, including General Richard Butler, and about 300 Kentuckians were wounded.

1791. James Wilkinson (famous for being a spy for the Spanish crown, aka the Spanish Conspiracy) murders William Well's wife and children. Wells was located and visited by his brothers around 1788 or 1789. He visited Louisville but remained with the Miami, perhaps because he had married a Wea woman and had a child. His wife and daughter were later captured in a raid by General James Wilkinson in 1791, and presumed dead.

1791. Nicknamed the “Pearl of the Antilles”, Saint-Domingue became the richest colony in the Caribbean before a 1791 slave revolt, which began the Haitian Revolution.

            George Washington loved to wear beautiful flowing powder wigs, with white flowing locks. His “wooden teeth” myth was actually created to cover up how George Washington waited until one of his thousands of slaves died, and then he'd take their teeth, and put those into his mouth.

1791AD. In 1791, Little Turtle defeated General St. Clair, who lost 600 men, the most decisive loss by the US against Native American forces ever. General Arthur St. Clair at St. Mary's Ohio. In that battle the Americans outnumbered the Indians 2000 to 1500 but 593 Americans were killed compared to 150 Indians. After finding out that James Wilkinson, founder, and namer, of Frankfort, Kentucky, had murdered his wife, children, his whole family, William Wells organized a 300-man "suicide squad" that fought with distinction against the U.S. Army at St. Clair's Defeat in northern Ohio, having been responsible for directly attacking and destroying the artillery squadron. Wells attracted the attention of war chief Little Turtle. He eventually married Little Turtle's daughter Wanagapeth ("Sweet Breeze"), with whom he had four children. He served the tribe as a scout during his new father-in-law's wars with the United States. WANAGAPETH!

1791. The Kentucky State Historical Society of Frankfort, KY, the Filson Club of Louisville, KY, and the Wisconsin State Historical Society of Madison, WI co-operated in the research which was sponsored by the L’Anguille Valley group. There are on the site of this old Indian village at least two or three known INDIAN BURIAL GROUNDS; But whatever may be said of the NINE INDIANS who were killed in the battle, the Amerikan? soldiers were not buried in any one of them. Instead the soldiers were buried at a charming & easily identifiable spot near the point where the “Old Kaintuck Trail” climbed out of the bottom of the Eel River [known to the early French as L’Anguille] & entered the very heart of this old Indian town [most of which was on the terrace-rim overlooking the bottoms]. This trail which crossed the Wabash River at Cass Station ford----just E. of Cedar, or Country Club, Island in the Eel River near Kidd’s Island] was an unusually wide one, and is understood to have been a sort of prehistoric “Dixie Highway.” In 1791, it contained the hoof-prints of many Indian ponies.

1791. They subsequently moved to the Eel's mouth, where Kentucky militiamen attacked them in 1791. Their settlement destroyed, the tribe relocated along present Sugar Creek in Boone County, Indiana.

1791. March 2. John Wade was killed within two or three hundred yards of the Beaver Ford, which was about a mile below where Ile's Mill stood on Licking in the middle of the last century. The Sunday after, a man named Reynolds was killed near Morgan's, being shot by a bullet from the gun which John Wade had carried when he was killed.

1791. May 23. George Washington organized a Board of War, had folks appointed, and on May 23, 1791, the American War Board authorized the destruction of Cherokee towns and food resources by burning homes and crops (Collins 1847).

1791. July 2. Treaty of Holston. In an attempt to make peace with the Cherokee, and redefine the new boundary lines in Kentucky, the United States negotiated the Treaty of Holston on July 2, 1791. It restated that the Cherokee land in Kentucky would be restricted to the area east of the Little South Fork and south of the Cumberland River. This time, the treaty was signed by Kentucky-born Cherokee Taltsuska (Doublehead), his brother, Gvnagadoga (Standing Turkey), and Doublehead's sister's son, Ganodisgi (John Watts Jr.), and witnessed by Thomas Kennedy, representative of Kentucky in the Territory of the United States South of the Ohio River. Unfortunately, the boundary line remained unclear and disputed by Cherokee not present at the treaty signing, and the fighting continued.

1791. August 8. Located near the mouth of MUD BRANCH CREEK [was Mud Creek], near the S.E. CORNER of the Metehineque, an Indian Reserve, between [south of] the Adamsboro-Hoover county road and [north of] the Logansport-Butler Branch of the Pennsylvania railroad. [the next line unreadable]. In S.W. CLAY Township, CASS County, INDIANA; south of the old Miami Indian WAR-DANCE-RING & north of the CEREMONIAL-DANCE-RING, near the heart of the site of a three-mile-long Indian village known to history as Kenapeequomakonga, Kikiah, Kenapeco-maqua Town, Eel River Town, L’Anguille, Snakefish Town, The Snakelike Fish, Eel Town and “ye olde village,” or Olde Towne. Buried the NIGHT of August 8, 1791, two United States Soldiers, Mounted Kentuck District, Virginia Volunteers, members of James Wilkinson’s July-August, 1791, expedition, Soldiers who had been killed late that afternoon in a battle with Eel River Wea or Miami Indians, after having charged across Eel River [from the south] to attack this Indian town.Private John Bartlett is thought to have lived near the Great Crossing vicinity of what today is (1940) SCOTT County, KY.

1791, August 26. Robert Benge's first attack occurred on August 26, 1791, which resulted in the capture and death of Mrs. Livingston, the daughter of Elijah and Nancy Ferris, who were also killed.

1791AD. November 4. St. Clair's force was camped near the present-day location of Fort Recovery, Ohio, near the headwaters of the Wabash River. An Indian force consisting of around 1,000 warriors, led by Little Turtle and Blue Jacket, waited in the woods while the men stacked their weapons and paraded to their morning meals. The natives then struck quickly and surprising the Americans, soon overran their ground. Little Turtle directed the first attack at the militia, who fled across a stream without their weapons. The regulars immediately broke their musket stacks, formed battle lines and fired a volley into the Indians, forcing them back. Little Turtle responded by flanking the regulars and closing in on them. Meanwhile, St. Clair's artillery was stationed on a nearby bluff and was wheeling into position when the gun crews were killed by Indian marksmen, and the survivors were forced to spike their guns. Colonel William Darke ordered his battalion to fix bayonets and charge the main Indian position. Little Turtle's forces gave way and retreated to the woods, only to encircle Darke's battalion and destroy it. The bayonet charge was tried numerous times with similar results and the U.S. forces eventually collapsed into disorder. St. Clair had three horses shot out from under him as he tried in vain to rally his men. After three hours of fighting, St. Clair called together the remaining officers and faced with total annihilation, decided to attempt one last bayonet charge to get through the Indian line and escape. Supplies and wounded were left in camp. As before, Little Turtle's Army allowed the bayonets to pass through, but this time the men ran for Fort Jefferson. They were pursued by Indians for about three miles before the latter broke off pursuit and returned to loot the camp. Exact numbers of wounded are not known, but it has been reported that execution fires burned for several days afterward. The casualty rate was the highest percentage ever suffered by a United States Army unit and included St. Clair's second in command. Of the 52 officers engaged, 39 were killed and 7 wounded; around 88% of all officers became casualties. After two hours St. Clair ordered a retreat, which quickly turned into a rout. "It was, in fact, a flight," St. Clair described a few days later in a letter to the Secretary of War. The American casualty rate, among the soldiers, was 97.4 percent, including 632 of 920 killed (69%) and 264 wounded. Nearly all of the 200 camp followers were slaughtered, for a total of 832 Americans killed. Approximately one-quarter of the entire U.S. Army had been wiped out. Only 24 of the 920 officers and men engaged came out of it unscathed. Indian casualties were about 61, with at least 21 killed. The number of U.S. soldiers killed during this engagement was more than three times the number the Sioux would kill 85 years later at Custer's last stand at the Battle of Little Big Horn. The next day the remnants of the force arrived at the nearest U.S. outpost, Fort Jefferson, and from there returned to Fort Washington

1791AD. December 6. “8 of us—Jerry Wilson, Austin Webb, Benjamin Allen Sr., Benjamin Allen Jr., Frank Wyatt—started out on a hunt. I was gone three weeks and got home Christmas Eve. Thought to lay in a supply of meat enough to last for next summer. Father and I had two nags. He took me along to bring in a load of meat. Would think nothing of packing 200 pounds of meat. Would skin the buffalo, cut off all the good meat and sow it up in the hides. Had no bone then. Buffalo was mighty course meat. Good deal like corn bread. Had it for bread. Then Bear was fat, and we had it for meat.”

            “First night we camped at about where Mt. Sterling now is. Not a stick amiss there then. Next morning we took breakfast at Morgan's Station and fed our horses on frosted corn. Nobody living there then. They had gathered some corn and put it in their out house. They, to whom it belonged, were not there. [The one] out house. I saw no other there. Next season they went out and stockaded in. A beautiful place.” …

            “Next morning I asked my father to go home. I wanted to see my mamma. He said after we had roasted some of the turkey we had killed that morning, if neither came in yet, he would go. The Indians ate that turkey. I didn't get a bite of it. I forget what was done with it. It was stuck up on spits and while it was roasting, I saw some of what we called Conolloway ducks down in the fork of the creek. I was fond of shooting them and went down and shot, but didn't kill any. I came back and sat down my gun by a stump close by my father's. He was sitting by the fire watching the Turkey on the sticks. I looked up and saw these dirty, black looking, naked Indians up in the cane were our horses were.”

            “Said I, “Father! Indians! Indians!” and ran. Said he, “Get your gun.” But I had started when I spoke, and he caught up both his gun and mine and came running along with me before him. My gun was empty. He then told me to run ahead. The Indians were then, when I saw them, within about thirty steps. Raised the yell like wolves howling. We crossed Salt Lick in about seventy yards from the camp and went out on the other bank. When we got there, going out, all three Indians fired. There were four. One kept reserve I expect. Two shot him him, shot him right through. The other missed him. My father wasn't quite to the top of the bank when he fell.”

            “I had run about a fourth of a mile on after they fired, so those said who came out later to bury my father and tracked me. I stopped and looked back, wondering why they were so quiet, and there was one in about ten steps of me. He had his tomahawk in his left hand and reached out his right and beckoned to me. I reached my right hand out, and he came up and took me by the hand. There was one ten or fifteen steps behind him. Both shooks hands, appeared to be very friendly. The first one then took me by one arm and this second by the other. They took off my hat. Saw I had red hair and patted me on the head.”

            “They now run with me back down to the bank where my father was. I didn't know my father was killed till I went back. He wasn't dead yet. They struck him two in the side of the head, near the ear, while I stood on the bank there looking down. The one that did it had silver bobs in his ear. The little Indian—the one that first caught me, looked like he might have been 21, younger or older—stood behind me while I was there and gave a grunt inquisitive. The one with ear bobs below shook his head with the gutteral sound, “Ah,” in reply to the others' interrogative as many as three times. I didn't understand my danger or what this meant till I saw the same process afterwards with Watson.”

            “I was only sixteen then. Never cried any, not knowing what might be my fate next. They tied me then immediately with buffalo tugs and took me back over to the camp. The first sign I had, this, that I wasn't to be tomahawked. The two that had me went with me over to the camp, and two staid to finish my father. Didn't see them scalp him. But saw the scalp afterwards stretched on a hickory hoop at the camp. They soon caught up with the horses and put on our saddles, gathered up everything and went off over Salt Lick again, 5 or 6 miles from there, and on to Licking, just below Greenbriar trace leading from Kentucky to Greenbriar (West Virginia). When we were about to start, there at the camp, the first thing I knew of it, one fetched me whack, a lick with a stick, and said, “Whoo,” motioning for me to go forward.” … “Shawnees were the darkest of any of the Indian tribes.” (Harry G. Enoch, 2012: 36-38).

1792AD. Battle of Blue Licks. “Colonel Benjamin Logan was three days behind at the Battle of Blue Licks. The Indians lost a great many. Counted and made up the number of white men to equal their loss in killed by killing the prisoners. Counted three missing and their scalps.”

1792AD. Cherokee participate with the Shawnee in the council of the northern Indian confederacy on the Maumee River in northwestern Ohio.  Michikinqua, Little Turtle, War Chief of the Miami Nation, leads the northern Indiana confederation in battle against 100 Kentuckians.  The Creek attacks on the Cumberland River resume and the Cherokee defend their land near the Flat Rock on the Cumberland Mountain. Captain Henley was attacked and defeated on the Cumberland Road was taken a prisoner and moved to Will's Town in the Cherokee Nation.

1792. Dragging Canoe dies. After the death of Dragging Canoe in 1792 the hostility in what would become Harlan County did not end. Chickamauga warrior, (or “mad man”, according towho you ask) Bob Benge, continued to attack settlers in the area until his death in 1794. And thus this ends the documented Cherokee history in what would become Harlan County. After 1796 the Cumberland Gap was widened to accommodate larger horse drawn vehicles of the day and thus the wild lands of Kentucky experienced a population boom. After this time period the Native American history undoubtedly begins a new era, the era of mixed relations with the settlers. We do know by Census and Tax records that the majority of our First Families of the Ridgetop Shawnee migrated to the area of modern day Harlan and Clay Counties between 1800 and 1820.

1792AD. James Harrod, the namesake of Harrod's Town, the first successful white western English-speaking “colony” in America, walks out into Kentucky's woods, and never returns.

1792. June 1. AD. Kentucky becomes a state. On June 1, 1792, Kentucky became the fifteenth state in the United States, and Indian genocider Isaac Shelby was named the first Governor. Slavery is legalized.

1792AD. “A Rendezvous”. The mouth of Licking, where Covington now is, was the rendezvous of the Kentucky militia, commanded by Colonel Hardin and Major Hall, which suffered so terribly in Harmar's Defeat in September 1790. General Charles Scott's expedition against the Eel River Indians in 1792, rendezvoused at the mouth of the Kentucky River. The troops returned by way of Covington, and along the Dry Ridge Road, to central Kentucky.” (Collins and Collins).

1793. January 21.AD. King Louis 16^th is beheaded by guillotine at Revolution Square in Paris, France. Louisville, Kentucky doesn't change her name, wanting to celebrate a French imperialist monarch from iniquity, forever.

1793AD. The first white hotel in Louisvile is built.

1793AD. Some of the Shawnee Tribe's ancestors received a Spanish land grant at Cape Girardeau, Missouri. SHAWNEE!

1793AD. Euroamericans on the Kentucky Road are attacked by Cherokee Creeks, and Shawnee warriors including Robert Benge, Doublehead, Pumpkin Boy, Major Ridge, James Vann, and John Watts in retaliation for the murder of their chiefs.  The United States Senate refuses to ratify the Treaty of Fort Knox because it guarantees the Indians the right to keep their land.  About thirty-five Shawnee and Cherokee Indians attack Morgan’s Station, seven miles east of Mt. Sterling, Kentucky.  Cherokee Chiefs call out their warriors Robert Benge, Doublehead, and John Watts, invited Creeks and Shawnees to join them.  More than Cherokee and Creek warriors head up the Mississippi River toward the Ohio and Wabash rivers to join forces with the northern Indian confederacy.  The Chickasaw and Kentuckians fight the northern Indian confederacy in battle, which includes militant Cherokee.

1793. March 21. AD. In Laurel County, Thomas Ross was killed by Indians near the Laurel River, just seven months after the first post-office was established in Danville, Kentucky. On that morning the post, as the carrier was called then, loaded his gun and started out saying he intended to kill an Indian that day. It seems a Mr. Graham was traveling through the wilderness on that fateful morning, and he came upon the mail-carrier's horse in a stream. He grabbed hold of the horse's bridle and when he looked up, he saw that Thomas Ross was cut into many pieces, and stuck on the bushes all around. He took the mail back to Danville. Mrs. Sarah Graham told this story to Rev. John Dabney Shane in 1844.

1793. April. 19 women and children were captured while men worked in the fields. One woman hid in the spring house and gave the alarm, 12 of the prisoners were massacred. Morgan Station occupies the site of the last organized Indian raid in Kentucky.

            The ATTACK on MORGAN's Station. “There are two remarkable features of this little-known battle. Most significant is the claim by Lewis Collins and other historians that the great Shawnee warrior Tecumseh was in this Indian party which was returning home following the attack on Morgan's Station. (Enoch, 1997). Several detailed but conflicting accounts of the Paint Creek incident are found in the Simon Kenton Papers of the Draper Manuscripts. Although the truth may never be known for certain, it is quite possible that the young Tecumseh was at the Paint Creek battle and, therefore, a participant in the raid on Morgan's Station.” (Enoch, 1997).

            “The other noteworthy participant in this incident was one of the Indian wounded named John Ward, who died a few days after the battle. Ward was a white man. He had been captured by the Shawnee from his Virginia home in 1758, when he was three years old. He was raised by Indians and fully adopted their way of life. Ward, known as White Wolf, married a Shawnee woman and had 3 children. He was one of the leaders of the band returning from Morgan's Station. One of Kenton's men, Captain James Ward, was the brother of John Ward! It is not known who fired the shot that took John's life. To add to this peculiar coincidence, the two Ward brothers had unknowingly opposed one another nearly a year before. The circumstances were similar—Kenton and his men had a skirmish with a party of Indians they had been pursuing. On that occasion John Ward's family had been present. James Ward had drawn a bead on one of the Shawnee but held back upon seeing it was a woman. He later learned she was his niece, John Ward's daughter.” (Henry G. Enoch: 1997).

1793 Indian raid on Morgan's Station in which a band of about thirty-five Shawnee and Cherokee Indians descended upon this small fort in a surprise attack that ended with two people killed and 19.

1793AD. Baron de Carondelet, the Spanish governor of Louisiana, gave the Missouri Shawnee a 25 mile square land grant near Cape Girardeau. Shawnee unwilling to accept the Greenville treaty joined them.

1793. Nancy's grandmother, also named Nancy but generally called Ann, decided to return to her homeland, old Farnham parish in Virginia. At that time, Nancy went to live with her mother, now Lucy Hanks Sparrow, having married Henry Sparrow in Harrodsburg, Kentucky two or three years earlier. Nancy Hanks Lincoln (future mother of Abraham the President) was born to Lucy Hanks in what was at that time part of Hampshire County, Virginia. Today, the same location is in Antioch in Mineral County, West Virginia. Years after her birth, Abraham Lincoln's law partner William Herndon reported that Lincoln told him his maternal grandfather was "a well-bred Virginia farmer or planter.” According to William E. Barton in the "Life of Abraham Lincoln" and Michael Burkhimer in "100 Essential Lincoln Books", Nancy was most likely born illegitimate due to the fact that Hanks' family created stories in order to lead Abraham to believe he was a legitimate member of the Sparrow family. It is believed that Nancy Hanks Lincoln's grandparents were Ann and Joseph Hanks, and that they raised her from infancy until her grandfather died when she was about 9 years old. At the time of Nancy's birth, Joseph and his wife and children were all living on 108 acres near Patterson Creek in then-Hampshire County, Virginia. Abraham Lincoln. Indeed, anyone who looks at photographs of Abraham Lincoln is no doubt struck by his distinctive Semitic features: the thick, coarse black hair, the dark skin, dark eyes, prominent nose, and equally prominent cheekbones. Abraham Lincoln's paternal cousin Mordecai Lincoln, a photo is a history of Jonesborough, Tennesse book. Mordecai has many of Abraham Lincoln's features, which suggests his father may have been Melungeon. ”My parents were both born in Virginia, of undistinguished families-second families, perhaps I should say…If any personal description of me is thought desirable, it may be said, I am, in height, six feet, four inches, nearly; lean in flesh, weighing, on an average, one hundred and eighty pounds; dark complexion with coarse black hair, and grey eyes — no other marks or brands recollected. Yours very truly, A. Lincoln.” Abraham Lincoln’s mother, Nancy Hanks (who is buried in Hoosier soil), has long been said to have been a member of the Melungeon community of Appalachian Tennessee and Kentucky. He inherited a dark complexion, coarse, black hair, and grey eyes all of which is consistent with the physical features of the Melungeons. Abraham also inherited color blindness and once told his mother that he could not see things like other people. As Poet Walt Whitman wrote, “I see very plainly Abraham Lincoln’s dark brown face, with the deep cut lines, the eyes always to me, with a deep latent sadness in the expression. …None of the artists or pictures have caught the deep though subtle and indirect expression of this man’s face.” Honest Abe, Father Abraham, The Great Emancipator, The Railsplitter, is related to The King of Rock-N-Roll, Elvis Presley. Yes, arguably the two most famous Melungeons are kin Elvis Presley. Melungeon people in the hills of southwestern Virginia. But many historians believe that Elvis Presley was a Melungeon who did indeed have Amerind blood—Cherokee to be exact. The King’s great-great-great-grandmother was Morning Dove White, a Cherokee Indian from Tennessee. That seems to be the bridge to Presley’s Melungeon heritage (if u discount the DNA evidence).

1793AD. When a new army under Mad Anthony Wayne moved against the Miamis and their allies in 1793, Little Turtle felt it was time to talk peace not war.

1793AD. At Vincennes, Indiana, in 1793, William Wells met with his eldest brother, Samuel, a survivor of St. Clair's Defeat two year before. The two travelled to Fort Nelson, where they met with General Rufus Putnam. William Wells warned Putnam that the British had been inciting Native American tribes to violence against the United States and negotiated a release of prisoners as a goodwill gesture. General Putnam wanted to organize a grand council of tribal chiefs to discuss peace terms, but the Native Americans, still undefeated by the Americans, rejected his offer.

1793. July 17. The second attack occurred on July 17, 1793, when Robert Benge captured a woman enslaved by Paul Livingston. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Benge

1793. October 16. 37-year old Marie Antoinette is beheaded by guillotine at Revolution Square in Paris, France, by the French Revolutionaries, ending the Prehistory Era, and ushering in the Modern Era, devoid of Kings, Queens, incestual monarchies, and with plenty of democracy, individual rights and freedoms, and constitutional governments.