Ancient Shawnee in Kentucky Timeline, Up to 1600s (sloppy work)

The Rise of the Shawnee, Timeline

“There is basically two interpretations regarding the early historical locations of the Shawnee. The first views the Shawnee as situated in the Northest as a single tribe until the Iroquois confederacy forced them down the Ohio River and drove them to the southern branches of the Ohio by the second half of the seventeenth century (1600s). From here they split into rather autonomous divisions. The second interpretation has them drifting southward prior to European settlement along the eastern piedmont through Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. From Georgia, some Shawnee groups went west toward the Mississippi River. Towards the end of the seventeenth century, they began moving back to the north, uniting finally in the Ohio Valley as a single group.” (Jerry E. Clark, 1993: 9). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ev5-6lWWUzQ

12,000 BC. Paleo-Indian Era (Stone Age culture) the earliest human inhabitants of America who lived in caves and were Nomadic hunters of large game including the Great Mammoth and giant bison.

7000 BC. Archaic Period in which people built basic shelters, and made stone weapons and stone tools.

3,102, February 17/18 BCE. Krishna dies.

563 BCE or 480 BCE. Buddha is born in Lumbini in present-day Nepal.

551 BC. Confucius (551-479) is born.

399BC. Socrates dies. (/ˈsɒkrətiːz/; Greek: Σωκράτης Sōkrátēs [sɔːkrátɛːs]; 470/469 BC – 399 BC) was a classical Greek (Athenian) philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy. He is an enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of classical writers, especially the writings of his students Plato and Xenophon, and the plays of his contemporary Aristophanes.

400 BCE-600 CE. Quetzalcoatl. /ˌkɛtsɑːlˈkoʊɑːtəl/ (Classical Nahuatl: Quetzalcohuātl [ketsaɬˈko.aːtɬ]) is a Mesoamerican deity whose name comes from the Nahuatl language and means "feathered serpent". The worship of a feathered serpent is first documented in Teotihuacan in the first century BCE or first century CE. That period lies within the Late Preclassic to Early Classic period (400 BCE – 600 CE) of Mesoamerican chronology, and veneration of the figure appears to have spread throughout Mesoamerica by the Late Classic (600–900 AD).

300BC. Euclid. (/ˈjuːklɪd/; Greek: Εὐκλείδης Eukleidēs; fl. 300 BC), also known as Euclid of Alexandria, was a Greek mathematician, often referred to as the "Father of Geometry". He was active in Alexandria during the reign of Ptolemy I (323–283 BC). His Elements is one of the most influential works in the history of mathematics, serving as the main textbook for teaching mathematics (especially geometry) from the time of its publication until the late 19th or early 20th century. In the Elements, Euclid deduced the principles of what is now called Euclidean geometry from a small set of axioms. Euclid also wrote works on perspective, conic sections,spherical geometry, number theory and rigor. "Euclid" is the anglicized version of the Greek name Εὐκλείδης, meaning "Good Glory".

287BC. The Birth of Archimedes of Syracuse (Greek: Ἀρχιμήδης; c. 287 BC – c. 212 BC) was an Ancient Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer. Although few details of his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity.

0.

90AD. The Birth of Claudius Ptolemy (/ˈtɒləmi/; Greek: Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος, Klaudios Ptolemaios, pronounced [kláwdios ptolɛmɛ́ːos]; Latin: Claudius Ptolemaeus; c. AD 90 – c. AD 168) was a Greco-Egyptian writer of Alexandria, known as a mathematician, astronomer, geographer,astrologer, and poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology. He lived in the city of Alexandria in the Roman province of Egypt, wrote in Greek, and held Roman citizenship. Beyond that, few reliable details of his life are known. His birthplace has been given as Ptolemais Hermiou in the Thebaid in an uncorroborated statement by the 14th century astronomer Theodore Meliteniotes. This is a very late attestation, however, and there is no other reason to suppose that he ever lived anywhere else than Alexandria, where he died around AD 168.

b. 570 AD. d. 632, June 8. Muhammad; 570 – c. 8 June 632.

900-1519AD. In the Postclassic period (900–1519AD), the worship of the feathered serpent deity was based in the primary Mexican religious center of Cholula. It is in this period that the deity is known to have been named "Quetzalcoatl" by his Nahua followers. In the Maya area he was approximately equivalent to Kukulcan and Gukumatz, names that also roughly translate as “feathered serpent” in different Mayan languages.

1000 AD. Woodland Period including the Adena culture (mounds, a burial complex and ceremonial system. The Adena lived in a variety of locations, including: Ohio, Indiana, West Virginia, Kentucky, and parts of Pennsylvania and New York.) and Hopewell cultures

Mississippian Culture established. This was the last of the mound-building cultures of North America in Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States

There's 7 Shawneetowns on this one map I saw of Amerika.

Prior to European contact, Kentucky was inhabited by Algonquian (e.g., Delaware, Miami, Shawnee), Iroquoian (e.g., Cherokee, Haudenosaunee, Mingo, Wyandot), Muskogean (e.g., Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek), and Siouan (e.g., Saponi) speaking peoples.

1240. “The Walam Olum, the migration legend of the Delaware, gives a clue about the time of the Shawnee migration to the south: “When Little Fog was chief, many of them [Delaware] went away with the Nanticoke and Shawnee to the land in the south.” The date of this occurance is estimated at about 1240 AD.

1500 AD. Later, the Delaware migration legend states, “when White Horn was chief, they were in the region of the Talega Mountains and there also were the Illinois, the Shawnee, and the Conoy.” The very next verse mentions a landlocked lake, suggesting that's the region occupied was the area from the Alleghenies or upper Ohio River to Lake Erie. The estimated time for this occupation is about 1500 AD.”

“Most of the accepted histories indicate that there were no permanent Indian settlements in Kentucky during historic times. Yet stories abound of the presence of Indians, particularly Shawnee, in many regions of Kentucky. Stories of whites held in Indian captivitiy and of Indians working Swift's silver mines come from the mountains of eastern Kentucky. From the central part of the state come tales of Indian attacks on the new, and fortified, settlements of Harrodsburg and Boonesboro.” (Jerry E. Clark: 1993).

1540. “The Village of Chalaque on the Savannah River near present-day Augusta, Georgia. In 1540, De Soto's party visited this community where he found a group of hunters and gatherers. Most historians have identified these people as Cherokee, but the Muskogee term “Chilokee” means “the people of a different speech” and may have been applied to non-Cherokee people as well. Chalaque might also suggest a form of Chillicothe, a division of the Shawnee, and supports the tradition of a southeastern origin for this division.”

1543. Nicolaus Copernicus dies. (Polish:  Mikołaj Kopernik (help·info); German: Nikolaus Kopernikus; 19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at its center.[a] The publication of this model in his book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres) just before his death in 1543 is considered a major event in the history of science, triggering the Copernican Revolutionand making an important cont

1557. Interestingly, the word Cherokee comes from the 1557 Portuguese narrative of DeSoto’s expedition, which was then written as chalaque. It is derived from the Choctaw word, choluk, which means cave.  Mohawk call the Cherokee oyata’ge’ronoñ, which means people who live in caves or in the cave country.  In Catawba, the Cherokee are called mañterañ, which translates as the people who come out of the ground.  Kentucky is a land of caves and home to the longest cave in the world.  Kentucky caves are full of evidence of Cherokee people, from salt and crystal mines to exploration and habitation.  As the Cherokee explored and settled in Kentucky, they came across the entrances of great caves, some of which were filled with mineral resources that extended many miles underground.  They ventured into caves in search of protection from the elements, to mine minerals, to dispose of their dead, to conduct ceremonies, and to explore the unknown, as indicated by the footprints, pictographs, petroglyphs, mud glyphs, stone tools, and sculptures they left behind.  Wherever the Cherokee found a dry cave in Kentucky with a reasonably accessible opening, they entered and explored it systematically. Before European colonization, Kentucky was a significant part of the Cherokee country, representing the northern quarter of the Cherokee Nation since time immemorial.  Its boundaries extended to the Ohio River in the north, the Cumberland River in the west, and the Great Kanawha River in the east.  By the end of the American Revolution, the northern boundary of the Cherokee country was moved southward to encompass the land below the Cumberland River.  Eventually, some 38,000 square miles of Cherokee land in Kentucky was ceded to Great Britain and the United States.

1584. “In 1584, Ralph Dane, commander-in-chief of Sir Walter Raleigh's colony at Roanoke, made reference to a town of about 700 fighting men, 130 miles from Roanoke, called Chawanock. This town also appears on John White's map of 1586. Captain John Smith, who arrived in the New World in 1607, referred to the Chawanocks as living in Virginia, where they continued in dwindling numbers for some time. That the Chawanocks were Shawnee is questionable, but the North Carolina location is only 400 miles from De Soto's Chalaque. “Chawanock” is very similar to “Sawanwake,” a plural name for Shawnee, and also brings to mind the Shawnee tradition that there were originally 6 divisions, the most powerful of which, the Shawano, became EXTINCT.”

1600s

1600s. By the latter part of the 1600s, bands of Shawnees were making their way toward Pennsylvania from at least 3 general locations: South Carolina, the Cumberland region, and Illinois. The date the first band of entered Pennsylvania is uncertain. It is known that the inhabitants of at least one village abandoned South Carolina in 1677 or 1678, and migrated north. There is no direct evidence of Shawnee settlement in Pennsylvania, however, until 1692.

1603. “Indications of Shawnee locations in the Northeast are more numerous. In 1603, the Satanas or Shawanoes lived on the banks of the lakes in western New York, south of Lake Erie. When Captain John Smith first arrived in Virginia, the Iroquois were fighting a fierce war against the allied Mohicans, residing on Long Island, and Shawanoes on the Susquehanna River.

1607. After the British arrived on the present site of Jamestown, Virginia in 1607, there was continuous contact with Cherokee in Kentucky as traders strengthened their alliances and worked their way into the Appalachian Mountains. 

1609. “In 1609, Samuel de Champlain, the founder of Quebec, joined some of his allies in a skirmish against their Mohawk enemies on the shores of Lake Champlain, near where Fort Ticonderoga in New York stands today. It was a small affair as battles go: The Indians lined up, shouting insults and invoking their war medicine. Protected by shields and body armor fashioned from wood and leather, they made ready to do battle with spears and arrows. Champlain and his French comrades stepped forward with their muskets, shot down several Mohawk Chiefs, and put the rest to flight. The fight was over in a matter of minutes, but its repercussions reverberated across northeastern America for years.” (Calloway, pg. 8-9).

1614. Dutch and Swedish navigator maps as early as 1614 place a nation called the “Sawwanew” on the east bank of the Delaware River (but the Delaware River was at that date known as “South” River and Sawwanew may have been a general term applied to any Indians residing on that river).

1614. 1614 Violent confrontation between hundreds of English and Powhatan men on the Pamunkey River, Virginia 

1620s. “Indian warriors needed guns to compete against armed enemies, and they needed beaver pelts to buy guns. As French missionaries and traders pushed west into Indian country, Ottawa and Huron traders from the Great Lakes paddled their canoes down to Montreal and Quebec, eager to trade pelts for guns and metal weapons that, literally, gave them an edge over their enemies. The Mohawks, who together with the Oneidas, Cayugas, Onondagas, and Senecas, made up the League of the Iroquois stretching the length of upstate New York, had to look elsewhere for guns and ammunition. In the 1620s, they pushed aside the Mahicans so they could trade directly with the Dutch on the Hudson River, near what became Albany, New York.” (Calloway, pg. 9).

1622. 1622-1624 The Powhatan Wars, battles and conflicts in Virginia between colonists and American Native Indians.

1630s.

1632. Captain Henry Fleet mentioned a town called “Shaunetowa” at the head of navigation of the Potomac.

1637. The Moravian missionary John Heckewelder associated the Pequots, who were involved in a bloody war with the Massachusetts colonists in 1637, with the Piqua division of the Shawnee.

1637. Pequot War. 700 innocents are slain, at night. Whites celebrate with the First Thanksgiving ever.

1640s.

1642. Galileo Galilei dies. (Italian pronunciation: [ɡaliˈlɛːo ɡaliˈlɛi]; 15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642), often known mononymously as Galileo, was an Italian physicist, mathematician, engineer, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the scientific revolution. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations and support for Copernicanism. Galileo has been called the "father of modern observational astronomy", the "father of modern physics", the "father of science", and "the Father of Modern Science".

1645. Peace w/ Iroquois and French.

1646. Jesuits were captured.

1648. “The Ohio Valley may have been the center for the main body of Shawnee into the early seventeenth century

1648. “The Ohio Valley may have been the center for the main body of Shawnee into the early seventeenth century. But by mid-century it is apparent that they were spread over a wide area from present-day Ohio to the Cumberland River and quite possibly even as far west as the Mississippi River. As early as 1648, there were Shawnee residing with the MASCOUTINs in Illinois.” ~Jerry Clark.

1648-49. “The 1648-49, Iroquois war parties shattered the once-powerful and prosperous confederacy of the Wendat or Huron people who lived in the Georgian Bay region of Lake Huron. They killed French missionaries, destroyed Huron villages, killed hundreds of people, and adopted hundreds more. Survivors fled in all directions; some moved eventually to northwestern Ohio, where they became known as Wyandots. Iroquois raiding parties struck into New England, the Susquehanna Valley, and the Ohio country. Many peoples fled from Ohio to the western Great Lakes to escape the onslaught. Outgunned and outnumbered, the Shawnee scattered.” (Calloway, pg. 10).

1649, Iroquois conquered Huron.

1650s.

1650, Iroquois conquered Petun.

1653. Oneida … ? somebody died from Smallpox...

1656. Vandernock's map of 1656 locates a village of “Sauwanoos” between the upper Schuylkill and the Delaware, and

1660s. “After the English defeated the Dutch on the Hudson River, near what became Albany, New York. After the English defeated the Dutch and took possession of New York in the 1660s, the Mohawks dealt with the British. Indian hunters killed beaver in unprecedented numbers for European markets that seemed insatiable. Beaver were less plentiful in Iroquois country than in the northern forests of their rivals, and as they depleted their own supplies of beaver, the Iroquois feared they would fall behind in the arms race.” (Calloway, pg. 9-10).

1661-1662. The Jesuit Relations of 1661-1662 tell of Shawnee located some 1,000 miles west of the Iroquois along a beautiful river, probably the Ohio. ~Clark.

1662. In 1662, Fathre Lalement, a French Jesuit, indicated that the Shawnee were already trading with the Spanish in Florida.

1665. When the early French traders came into this area in the 1670s, the Shawnee had a principal village on the Cumberland River, near the present site of Nashville, which had been occupied as early as 1665.

1666. A group of Seneca captured some Shawnee near the Mississippi River probably south of the Ohio. If the Iroquois extended their hostilities for such great distances it is quite possible that their encounters with the Shawnee could have been in the Cumberland region or the lower Ohio Valley.

1669. The Seneca warned La Salle in 1669 of the ferocity of th Shawnee, and Galinee, La Salle's chronicler, said that the Shawnee lived about a month's journey from the source of the Ohio River. ~Clark.

1670s. 1670. In June 1732, the Shawnee sent a letter to Governor Gordon of Pennsylvania in which they stated that about five years before, the 5 Nations of the Iroquois had ordered the Shawnee to return to Ohio, where they had come from. This can be interpreted to mean that around 1670 the Shawnee had lived on the Cumberland River, and on the Ohio between the mouths of the Muskingum and the Wabash.

1670. Most of the maps dating from 1670 call what is today the Cumberland River the “Riviere des Chaouanons.” In fact it was identified as the Shawnee River until nearly the end of the 1700s.

1673. Marquette also mentioned Shawnee-Spanish trade in 1673, and Spanish trade beads were found among the Shawnee who settled near Fort Saint Louis agreed to abandon the Spanish trade.

1673. “When the French Jesuit missionary Jacques Marquette traveled down the Mississippi River in 1673, he passed the mouth of the Wabash-Ohio River. His Indian guides told him that its waters flowed from the east, “where dwell the people called Chaouanons [Shawnees] in so great numbers that in one district there are as many as 23 villages, and fifteen in another quite near one another.” French maps in the late seventeenth century located the Chaouanons on the Ohio and Cunberland Rivers, and some label the Cumberland as the “riviere des Chaouanons.” From their Ohio and Cumberland Valley villages, the Shawnees appear to have traveled widely. They participated in far-reaching exchange networks that funneled European goods through Indian country, and some likely traded directly with the Spaniards in Florida. Illinois Indians told Marquette that Shawnees came to their villages “laden with glass beads.” (Calloway, pg. 7).

1674. “One of the latest accounts that may refer to the Shawnee on the Ohio River in the seventeenth century comes from Gabriel Arthur, who as a captive of the Cherokee in 1674 traveled some three days from the Great Kanawha River to strike a blow against a powerful nation to the west, believed to have been the Shawnee. This may have been a group pushing north and east from the Cumberland land region.” (Clark, pg. 11).

1674. Three maps were published in 1674, all of which place the “Chaouanons” near the mouth of the Ohio River. Marquette locates several Shawnee villages east of the mouth of the Ohio, but does not extend the Ohio far enough east so that the relationship of these villages to the river can be determined. Both Randin and Joliet place the Shawnee south of the Ohio River, the former on the Mississippi and the latter in the vicinity of a tributary, probably the Cumberland, which flows north to the Ohio near its mouth. Based on the accounts of La Salle, the maps of Franquelin in 1684 and 1688 contain much more detail. The information on the Kentucky-Tennessee area undoubtedly came from the Shawnee who had settled at Starved Rock by 1683.

1676. On a 1676 map of New Netherlands by Roggeveen the “Sauno” had a village near the mouth of the Schuylkill.

1677. Covenant Chain.

1680s.

1680-1685. Basing his estimate on the time required to deaden and completely remove by burning the great oaks, hickories, sycamores, gums, and maples from such an area, Willard Jillson, noted Kentucky historian and naturalist, set the founding of the village at 1680 to 1685. Such an early date is possible in that Shawnee groups escaping the Iroquois down the Great Warriors Path would have passed through this area. (Clark, 1993).

By 1680, the principal locations of the Shawnee were in the Cumberland Valley and along the Savannah River in South Carolina. They had migrated either to the mouth of the Ohio and up the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers or over the Great Warriors Path southward across Kentucky. Some had gone north into the territories of the Miami and Illinois Indians in the vicinity of Lake Michigan.

In 1682, La Salle completed Fort Saint Louis on the Illinois River at Starved Rock; and the Illiniwek, who had earlier abandoned this location because of Iroquois raids, returned. The Shawnee, including one group called by that name and others called by La Salle the Chaskepe, Ouabano, and Cisca (names of the various Shawnee villages or bands), also settled the area near the fort. This involved a considerable movement to the Illinois River from the lower Cumberland region in Tennessee and Kentucky. But less than ten years later this large group had moved eastward to Maryland and Pennsylvania.

1682. “An archaeological site near Starved Rock on the Illinois River was occupied in historical times by a group of Shawnee, who with other Indians, joined La Salle after he constructed Fort Saint Louis at this location in 1682. This site contained material very similar to Fort Ancient material, and may be attributable to the Shawnee, though some anthropologists have identified the Fort Ancient-like material as Miami or Illinois.” (Clark, pg. 8).

1683. “In 1683, several hundred Shawnees arrived at Fort St. Louis, a post Robert Cavelier de La Salle had built at Starved Rock on the Illinois River. Others migrated to the Southeast and took up residence on the Savannah River in Georgia.” Calloway, pg. 10.

1684. Algonquian tribes beat Iroquois.

1684. However, the Mosopelea identification is based on a 1684 map by Franquelin, who at La Salle's request showed 8 Mosopelean villages located in this region, while Marquette and Joliet had found the Mosopelea well below the Ohio River on the Mississippi. Archaeologist James B. Griffin believes that the Madisonville site is probably Shawnee. Erminie Voegelin disagrees and places the center of the Shawnee well to the east, in New York and eastern Pennsylvania, but most other anthropologists feel that the weight of linguistic, ethnohistorical, archaeologicals feel that physical evidence indicates that the Shawnee were indeed the descendents of the Fort Ancient populations.” (Clark, pg. 7).

In 1684, the Iroquois justified an attack on the Miami on the grounds that the latter had invited the Shawnee into the country for the purpose of making war on the Iroquois.

1677-1701. However, there had been a steady outmigration from South Carolina long before the trouble with the Catawba began. In 1677 or 1678, a group approximately seventy families left Carolina and made their way north, settling near the Conestoga Indians on the Susquehanna River by 1701. It is perhaps this group which settled for some time in the vicinity of Winchester, Virginia; Shenandoah County, Virginia; and Oldtown, Maryland, all of which date from this period.

1680. “The Shawnee appearance in South Carolina was fortunate for the new colony. The Westo Indians were raiding colonists in the more remote areas. Unable to handle the Westos by themselves, the struggling colonists engaged the Shawnee, who by 1680 had a considerable group in the area, to attack the Westos and bring them to Charles Town for the slave trade. By fighting the Westos the Shawnee acted as a buffer for the colonists and gained an important trade outlet for themselves, which included among other things, among other things, the sale of slaves. (Clark, 1993).

Historian John R. Swanton suggests that the Shawnee may have been attracted to the Cumberland region partly by the Spanish post in Saint Augustine, Florida, which they visited in order to trade. This explanation would certainly account for the settlement in the Savannah River valley of South Carolina. Shawnee knowledge of and expeditions to the Spanish trading posts may have come quite early.

1684. On the map of 1684, the main river emptying into the Mississippi from the east is the Casquinampogama (Tennessee), and it has several tributaries including the Wabash and Ohio rivers. The westernmost river to flow into the Tennesse is the Misseoucipi (not to be confused with the Mississippi) and the next is labeled “Skipaki-cipi, ou la Riviere Bleue.” Between these rivers is the Shawnee village of Cisca, with a path leading to Saint Petro on the coast of Florida and a legend that translates: “Path by which the Shawnee trade with the Spanish.”

1683. “In 1683, the inhabitants of Cisca and other Shawnee joined the French at Fort Saint Louis on the Illinois River. On this same map, the village of “Meguatchaiki” is situated on the north bank of the Skipakicipi River, probably a village of the Mequachake division. The Skipakicipi River is undoubtedly the Green River, named, perhaps, after the Kispogogi division, but the identity of the Misseoucipi is not clear. It is probably the Red or the Licking River.” ~Jerry E. Clark.

1690s. Shawnees also moved into Pennsylvania. They established a large village on the Delaware River in the 1690s and built other villages along the Susquehanna.

1685. There are also indications that the Shawnee had a village near the Creek Indians in Alabama before 1685. In addition the “Salt” Indians situated on the Kanawha River a little above present-day Charleston, West Virginia, as described by Fallows in 1671, are believed to have been Shawnee. This band may have been migrating south from the Ohio Valley when they established a temporary village and made a supply of salt.

1691-1694. The representatives of Albany and Esopus had urged upon the New York General Assembly that communications and peace be made with the Indians to the west, with the view of increasing the fur and peltry business. Led by Arant Vielle, representatives spent fifteen months in Shawnee country, undoubtedly in the Cumberland region; and in 1694, the party returned with about 700 Shawnee. This large group established the village of Pechoquealin on the Delaware River where today we find the town of Shawnee-on-Delaware.

1692. There is no direct evidence of Shawnee settlement in Pennsylvania, however, until 1692.

1693. In 1693 twenty Cherokee chiefs visited Charles Town to complain to Governor Thomas Smith of attacks by the Catawba, Congaree, and Shawnee, who made slave raids upon them.” (Jerry E. Clark, 1993).

1695-1712. There is good evidence to support the belief that the Saluda Indians, situated on the Saluda River in central South Carolina, were also Shawnee. The Saluda occupied this area from approximately 1695 to 1712, when they moved to the Conestoga River in Pennsylvania.

1699. The name “Taogria” appears on at least one map as a village on the Cumberland River quite near seven Shawnee villages. In 1699, Gravier, a Jesuit explorer, encountered a party of Taogria on the Mississippi River above Memphis, Tennessee, and identified them as belonging to the Loup Nation. Swanton believes they were Yuchi. However, they spoke the Chaouanon tongue and may have been Shawnee. Other maps of the period locate Taogria villages along the Ohio and Tennessee rivers, usually near Shawnee villages. Galinee, La Salle's chronicler, may have provided a clue to the identity of the Taogria when he reported that in 1669 the Seneca warned him of a bad and treacherous people on the Ohio called the Toagenha. The Iroquois referred to the Shawnee as the Ontwaganha, and it is probable that Toagenha is a corruption of this term. The similarity of the names Toagenha and Taogria suggests a possible link.

1699. During their stay in the Cumberland region the Shawnee came under the influence of British traders from South Carolina and in 1699, led by these traders, made an attack on a group of Cahokia Indians on the Mississippi River fifteen miles below the mouth of the Illinois River. It was very possibly this British alliance that caused the Cherokee and Chickasaw to expel the Shawnee from the Cumberland in 1714. ~Jerry E. Clark.

Martin Chartier: Timeline of Events:

1655. Martin Chartier. Birth: 1655 in St-Jean-de-Montierneuf, Poitiers, Vienne, Poitou-Charentes, France; Baptism: 1 JUN 1655 St-Jean-de-Montierneuf, Poitiers, Vienne, Poitou-Charentes, France; Death: 1718 in Dekanoagah (Indian village around current Lancaster County), Pennsylvania, USA. Martin Chartier and Robert Cavellier de La Salle sailed together in the same ship. Martin Chartier was a wood-runner and trader. Martin Chartier was the founder of the site of Pittsburgh (Penn.). Martin Chartier is the “Greatest French explorer on his own in North America”, a distinction to be shared with his half-breed son, Pierre. Martin Chartier, one of the old French Indian traders, had his trading post and lived for many years adjoining the farm afterwards owned by James Patterson, the Indian trader, and also the Susquehanna Indian town, three miles below the Columbia. The Penns gave Chartier a large tract o f land on Turkey Hill, in Lancaster County.

1660s.

1667 – Martin Chartier arrived in Quebec with father, brother and sister.
1668 – Martin Chartier meets a Shawnee boy turned over to the priests at Montreal who becomes his constant companion (Wolf, his future brother-in-law).
1669 – Martin Chartier on Louis Joliet's first expedition with his brother Pierre

1669-1670. Martin Chartier was with La Salle during his first trip of 1669-1670 to Detroit and Lake Erie.

1670s.
1672 - Martin Chartier on Louis Joliet's second expedition with his brother Pierre
1674 - Martin Chartier living with the Shawnee in Illinois on the Wabash River
By 1675 - Martin Chartier Sewatha becomes his Shawnee wife
1679 - Martin Chartier goes with LaSalle to build Fort Crevecoeur on the Illinois River ( with Wolf)
1679-1680. Winter. AD. In the winter of 1679-80, according to Margry's, Rene's son, Martin Char tier was among La Salle's companions when they built Fort Crevecoeur somewhere along the Illinois River (2000 miles from Montreal).

1680s.

1680-1685. Eskippakithiki is Established. Willard Jillson, noted Kentucky historian and naturalist, set the founding of the village at 1680 to 1685. (Clark, Jerry).

1683-1684. From 1683-84, Martin and his brother Pierre Chartier were fur trading associates, and they had a settlement in Fort St Louis, although they had no trading permit. 1683 - Martin Chartier found trading with the Shawnee at Fort St Louis with his brother P ierre.

1685-1692. From 1685 to 1692, Martin Chartier made the incredible trip from Montreal to Lake Michigan, then from there to the Cumberland River in Kentucky, then to the site of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, then across the Alleghenies and along the Susquehanna River to Maryland where for a time he ran his own trading post.

1684 - Martin Chartier found in Lachine, Quebec
1685 - Martin Chartier living with Shawnee in Illinois territory
1687 - Martin Chartier arrested in Montreal
1689 - Martin Chartier found as a fur trade on the Cumberland River in Tennessee

1690s. 1690 - Martin Chartier stopped in a Shawnee village in eastern Tennessee

1690. Chartier came to the Province prior to 1690 and is sometimes referred to as 'the French glover of Philadelphia.' His trading post was on the Susquehanna , near the present city of Columbia, and where

1691 - Martin Chartier reunited on the Potomac River with old acquaintances from Fort S t Louis (LeTorts, Basillons, Godin, and Dubois). Martin Chartier, a trader at the mouth of the Susquehanna in 1692.

1692 - Martin Chartier living with the Shawnee on the Potomac in Maryland; next in Balt imore County, Maryland, was jailed in Ste Marie & Ann Arundel Counties as a French spy but escaped. 1692. Martin Chartier was a French outlaw who sought and found refuge among the Shawnee, with whom he married and raised a family. A son, Peter Chartier became a chief among them, a hunter wise in the trading ways of whites, who led them west to escape the encroachment of civilization. Martin Chartier's only crime was that he had gone among the Shawnees that owed him some beaver without the permission of the colonial authorities, and when he came back, the Governor put him in prison, and in irons, where he continued for several months; but at last got loose, made his escape, and ever since hath used the woods. He told it this way before the Maryland Provincial Council in 1692, at which time he resided t here with his Shawnee wife.

In 1692, Martin Chartier led a group of these Indians north to Maryland, settling at a place known as Old Town. Several years later, they moved to the Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania, an area then under the o fficial dominion of the Iroquois Indians. They then asked a local trib e, the Conestoga, to take them under their protection.

1693 - Martin Chartier traveled with Shawnee leaving Virginia to go to Ohio
1693. Martin Chartier married a Shawnee wife in Maryland in 1693.

1695. We find that the next recorded account of a white man's passing through our county was that of Martin Chartier, the white leader of the Shawnee Indians, in the year of 1695, as they were migrating to the Ohio River from Virginia. This tribe arrived on the great East-West Trail at Alliquippa's Gap, by the Warriors' Trail.

1697. Peter Chartier. Before 1697 - moved with Opessa Band to Lancaster County, Pennsylvania