Eventually, John Arthur Bowen goes back to the house of Anna Maria Brodeau Thornton, and he's captured, and he's put in jail.
That weekend, a crowd of angry young white men gathered around the city jail in Judiciary Square. They were mostly Irish & and they were mostly drunk. Known as "Mechanics," these manual laborers were poor and insecure. The institution of slavery, with its low-cost labor for well-to-do whites, constantly undercut the value of their work. But they did not direct their rage at the slave masters. They turned on the Negroes and the abolitionists, seeing them as dire threats to be repelled.
Watching the tumult in Judiciary Square was a free Negro named Michael Shiner, who worked for the Navy and kept a diary. The Mechanics, he wrote, "swore they would pull the jail down and they continued making their threats and they said their object was to get Anna Maria Brodeau Thornton's mulatto and hang him without judge or juror."
ol Frank Key calls his 10 Constables under his domain, and the Marines, to restore order to Washington DC. The Marines marched down Pennsylvania Avenue toward Judiciary Square, carrying bayoneted guns, and for that night, that calmed things down.
ol Frank Key apparently thought he had to do more. He shared the Globe's view that John Arthur Bowen's alleged attack was the "first fruit" of the circulation of abolitionist literature.
The city's legally sanctioned slave trade did not stir Key to action. He was far more offended by the outside agitators from the North who sought to abolish it.
On August 10, 1835, Key persuaded a justice of the peace to write a warrant for the arrest of Dr Reuben Crandall, a white man who was said to be in possession of abolitionist literature.
Dr Reuben Crandall was a 29-year-old botanist and doctor from New York who had recently opened an office on High Street (now Wisconsin Avenue) in Georgetown. Crandall was a plausible suspect because of his notorious sister, Prudence Crandall. She was a Connecticut schoolteacher who had stirred controversy nationwide the year before by welcoming a free Negro girl into her classroom. (The Connecticut legislature promptly passed a law forbidding integrated schools.)
Good job Connecticut.
Reuben Crandall opposed slavery but not openly. He cared more about the prohibition of liquor than the abolition of slavery.
When 3 constables went to Dr. Reuben Crandall's office, Reuben Crandall allowed them to search the premises. As they later testified in court, the constables found a box full of copies of the Anti-Slavery Reporter and the Liberator, the two publications that had been mass-mailed to the city's leading citizens.
Reuben Crandall was arrested on charges of sedition. As the constables emerged on the street with their prisoner, one bystander later testified that someone in the crowd had said, "We ought to take the damned rascal and hang him up on one of the trees."
The dozens of Marines that had garrisoned around City Hall and the jail meant the mob could not lynch either Bowen or Crandall.
So because of this affair, of John Arthur Bowen's alleged attempted murder, and of ol Frank Key putting Dr Reuben Crandall in jail, the 1835 August snow storm erupted, aka The Snow White Race Riots of 1835.
The Snow White race riots would see the whites of DC erupt in violence to put down the abolitionists and the free blacks and to defend slavery. Schools, homes, brothels and churches were trashed, burned, and people were attacked violently esp free blacks.
Beverly Snow is the Black man (actually mixed race) who this race riot was named after. Beverly Snow was the wealthiest and most successful Black man in Washington DC. Beverly Snow was a free Black, who was extremely educated, wealthy, successful, and "perhaps even a bit snobbish".
Beverly Snow had been born a slave in Lynchburg, Virginia and he was granted his freedom when he came of age. Beverly Snow had learned the culinary arts at an early age but clearly had more extraordinary skills, including social dexterity, entrepreneurial drive, and ambition. Beverly Snow came to Washington DC to go into business for himself, and he opened one of Washington DC's first true restaurants in the early 1830s.
Beverly Snow's restaurant was called the "Epicurean Eating House" it was located on the corner of 6th Street & Pennsylvania Avenue, and it was highly successful.
Beverly Snow's finely appointed restaurant sat amid several busy hotels on Pennsylvania Avenue. By day, Snow served Washington's elite white families. At night, he offered parlors for "gentlemen forming private parties." The newspaper ad that Beverly Snow ran that week declared that his menu included "a fine green turtle . . . a very fine Sheep's Head and every other luxury of the season."
The Washington Mirror reported that Beverly Snow had "used very indecent and disrespectful language concerning the wives and daughters of Mechanics."
Since the white mob wasn't able to get their hands on Dr Reuben Crandall or John Arthur Bowen, they decided to target Beverly Snow, & his Epicurean Eating House in DC, especially since it was reported by the newspapers that he had talked badly about their wives and daughters.
The first destination the mob attacked was Beverly Snow's Epicurean Eating House. What was once a very sophisticated and luxurious restaurant, the Epicurean Eating House was ransacked to ruins by the mob in search of Snow because he was a free black owner.
The white lynch mob searched for Beverly Snow, but were unable to find and capture him. That August 11, 1835 night, Beverly Snow was able to "escaped unharmed, through management of white friends."
But the next day the mob returned to Snow's establishment. The rioters, the Globe reported, cut down the restaurant's sign "and broke and destroyed most if not all of the furniture in the house, not forgetting to crack a bottle of the 'old Hock' [whiskey] 'now and then.'"
About 300 or 400 Mechanics remained in and around Snow's restaurant until some time in the night. Then the Mechanics left the restaurant and headed toward the Rev. John F Cook's church and school at the corner of 14th and H Streets. It was suspected that John Arthur Bowen had went to school at Rev John F. Cook's school.
Rev John F Cook was a solemn free black man who was well-versed in Presbyterian theology and sought to educate every Negro child he could find.
Like Dr. Reuben Crandall, John F Cook was also against drinking alcohol.
The white lynch mob attacked the school because Bowen was suspected of being taught of abolishing slavery at this school.
The white lynch mob, the Mechanics, went and destroyed John F Cook's books and furniture and partially destroyed the Rev John F. Cook's building.
The larger context of the attack on the school was the white working-class men's frustration over free blacks ability to work, and their resentment of black competition for jobs. The clear result was the unleashing of white terror against blacks.
Before the Mechanics could reach Rev John F Cook, he retrieved his horse from a friend's stable and fled to Pennsylvania.
The riot continued for days in the State's capital. As night fell, roving bands of white men hunted for free blacks and abolitionists to molest.
The Mechanics then demolished several of the small houses that free blacks lived in. They also destroyed schools, and broke the windows of one of their houses of worship" according to the National Intelligencer newspaper. In addition, "a house of ill fame" on Capitol Hill was torched around midnight.
Black people's houses, schools, churches were demolished.
It was not until President Andrew Jackson intervened that it stopped. President Andrew Jackson was greeted with relief and the fanfare of a marching band. He immediately sent word to the Mechanics, saying that he hoped to address their grievances.
That he hoped to address their grievances.
Washinton DC's restrictive "black codes" were also tightened in response to the incident
Beverly Snow, meanwhile, had gone to his hometown of Fredericksburg and turned himself in to the sheriff for his own protection. From his jail cell, Beverly Snow wrote a letter to the politically influential Globe. Beverly Snow denied he had spoken badly about the Mechanics' women and cited his stellar reputation in Washington.
"Sirs, do me the honor to look back at my past conduct, as a citizen, for the last six or seven years," Beverly Snow wrote. "If anything can be produced against me, let the world know it." When city authorities vouched that Snow was not wanted for any crime, Beverly Snow returned to Washington, dissolved his interest in the Epicurean Eating House, and left town for a country where a man might live freely: Canada. In Canada, Beverly Snow started all over again in Toronto, with another restaurant that was as popular as his Washington eatery.
That weekend, a crowd of angry young white men gathered around the city jail in Judiciary Square. They were mostly Irish & and they were mostly drunk. Known as "Mechanics," these manual laborers were poor and insecure. The institution of slavery, with its low-cost labor for well-to-do whites, constantly undercut the value of their work. But they did not direct their rage at the slave masters. They turned on the Negroes and the abolitionists, seeing them as dire threats to be repelled.
Watching the tumult in Judiciary Square was a free Negro named Michael Shiner, who worked for the Navy and kept a diary. The Mechanics, he wrote, "swore they would pull the jail down and they continued making their threats and they said their object was to get Anna Maria Brodeau Thornton's mulatto and hang him without judge or juror."
ol Frank Key calls his 10 Constables under his domain, and the Marines, to restore order to Washington DC. The Marines marched down Pennsylvania Avenue toward Judiciary Square, carrying bayoneted guns, and for that night, that calmed things down.
ol Frank Key apparently thought he had to do more. He shared the Globe's view that John Arthur Bowen's alleged attack was the "first fruit" of the circulation of abolitionist literature.
The city's legally sanctioned slave trade did not stir Key to action. He was far more offended by the outside agitators from the North who sought to abolish it.
On August 10, 1835, Key persuaded a justice of the peace to write a warrant for the arrest of Dr Reuben Crandall, a white man who was said to be in possession of abolitionist literature.
Dr Reuben Crandall was a 29-year-old botanist and doctor from New York who had recently opened an office on High Street (now Wisconsin Avenue) in Georgetown. Crandall was a plausible suspect because of his notorious sister, Prudence Crandall. She was a Connecticut schoolteacher who had stirred controversy nationwide the year before by welcoming a free Negro girl into her classroom. (The Connecticut legislature promptly passed a law forbidding integrated schools.)
Good job Connecticut.
Reuben Crandall opposed slavery but not openly. He cared more about the prohibition of liquor than the abolition of slavery.
When 3 constables went to Dr. Reuben Crandall's office, Reuben Crandall allowed them to search the premises. As they later testified in court, the constables found a box full of copies of the Anti-Slavery Reporter and the Liberator, the two publications that had been mass-mailed to the city's leading citizens.
Reuben Crandall was arrested on charges of sedition. As the constables emerged on the street with their prisoner, one bystander later testified that someone in the crowd had said, "We ought to take the damned rascal and hang him up on one of the trees."
The dozens of Marines that had garrisoned around City Hall and the jail meant the mob could not lynch either Bowen or Crandall.
So because of this affair, of John Arthur Bowen's alleged attempted murder, and of ol Frank Key putting Dr Reuben Crandall in jail, the 1835 August snow storm erupted, aka The Snow White Race Riots of 1835.
The Snow White race riots would see the whites of DC erupt in violence to put down the abolitionists and the free blacks and to defend slavery. Schools, homes, brothels and churches were trashed, burned, and people were attacked violently esp free blacks.
Beverly Snow is the Black man (actually mixed race) who this race riot was named after. Beverly Snow was the wealthiest and most successful Black man in Washington DC. Beverly Snow was a free Black, who was extremely educated, wealthy, successful, and "perhaps even a bit snobbish".
Beverly Snow had been born a slave in Lynchburg, Virginia and he was granted his freedom when he came of age. Beverly Snow had learned the culinary arts at an early age but clearly had more extraordinary skills, including social dexterity, entrepreneurial drive, and ambition. Beverly Snow came to Washington DC to go into business for himself, and he opened one of Washington DC's first true restaurants in the early 1830s.
Beverly Snow's restaurant was called the "Epicurean Eating House" it was located on the corner of 6th Street & Pennsylvania Avenue, and it was highly successful.
Beverly Snow's finely appointed restaurant sat amid several busy hotels on Pennsylvania Avenue. By day, Snow served Washington's elite white families. At night, he offered parlors for "gentlemen forming private parties." The newspaper ad that Beverly Snow ran that week declared that his menu included "a fine green turtle . . . a very fine Sheep's Head and every other luxury of the season."
The Washington Mirror reported that Beverly Snow had "used very indecent and disrespectful language concerning the wives and daughters of Mechanics."
Since the white mob wasn't able to get their hands on Dr Reuben Crandall or John Arthur Bowen, they decided to target Beverly Snow, & his Epicurean Eating House in DC, especially since it was reported by the newspapers that he had talked badly about their wives and daughters.
The first destination the mob attacked was Beverly Snow's Epicurean Eating House. What was once a very sophisticated and luxurious restaurant, the Epicurean Eating House was ransacked to ruins by the mob in search of Snow because he was a free black owner.
The white lynch mob searched for Beverly Snow, but were unable to find and capture him. That August 11, 1835 night, Beverly Snow was able to "escaped unharmed, through management of white friends."
But the next day the mob returned to Snow's establishment. The rioters, the Globe reported, cut down the restaurant's sign "and broke and destroyed most if not all of the furniture in the house, not forgetting to crack a bottle of the 'old Hock' [whiskey] 'now and then.'"
About 300 or 400 Mechanics remained in and around Snow's restaurant until some time in the night. Then the Mechanics left the restaurant and headed toward the Rev. John F Cook's church and school at the corner of 14th and H Streets. It was suspected that John Arthur Bowen had went to school at Rev John F. Cook's school.
Rev John F Cook was a solemn free black man who was well-versed in Presbyterian theology and sought to educate every Negro child he could find.
Like Dr. Reuben Crandall, John F Cook was also against drinking alcohol.
The white lynch mob attacked the school because Bowen was suspected of being taught of abolishing slavery at this school.
The white lynch mob, the Mechanics, went and destroyed John F Cook's books and furniture and partially destroyed the Rev John F. Cook's building.
The larger context of the attack on the school was the white working-class men's frustration over free blacks ability to work, and their resentment of black competition for jobs. The clear result was the unleashing of white terror against blacks.
Before the Mechanics could reach Rev John F Cook, he retrieved his horse from a friend's stable and fled to Pennsylvania.
The riot continued for days in the State's capital. As night fell, roving bands of white men hunted for free blacks and abolitionists to molest.
The Mechanics then demolished several of the small houses that free blacks lived in. They also destroyed schools, and broke the windows of one of their houses of worship" according to the National Intelligencer newspaper. In addition, "a house of ill fame" on Capitol Hill was torched around midnight.
Black people's houses, schools, churches were demolished.
It was not until President Andrew Jackson intervened that it stopped. President Andrew Jackson was greeted with relief and the fanfare of a marching band. He immediately sent word to the Mechanics, saying that he hoped to address their grievances.
That he hoped to address their grievances.
Washinton DC's restrictive "black codes" were also tightened in response to the incident
Beverly Snow, meanwhile, had gone to his hometown of Fredericksburg and turned himself in to the sheriff for his own protection. From his jail cell, Beverly Snow wrote a letter to the politically influential Globe. Beverly Snow denied he had spoken badly about the Mechanics' women and cited his stellar reputation in Washington.
"Sirs, do me the honor to look back at my past conduct, as a citizen, for the last six or seven years," Beverly Snow wrote. "If anything can be produced against me, let the world know it." When city authorities vouched that Snow was not wanted for any crime, Beverly Snow returned to Washington, dissolved his interest in the Epicurean Eating House, and left town for a country where a man might live freely: Canada. In Canada, Beverly Snow started all over again in Toronto, with another restaurant that was as popular as his Washington eatery.
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